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[[Ivanovo Oblast]] is located in the [[European Russia|European part]] of [[Russia]]. Most of it lies between [[Volga River|Volga]] and [[Klyazma River|Klyazma]] rivers. The area is 21,800 square kilometers (8,400 square miles) which is one of the smallest in Russia. It borders with [[Kostroma Oblast]], [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]], [[Vladimir Oblast]] and [[Yaroslavl Oblast]]. Its length is 230 km while its width is 158 km. If it would be an independent state then it would be world's 148th largest country, larger than [[El Salvador]], [[Israel]], [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]], [[Jamaica]] or [[Bahrain]].
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== Relief and Geology ==
The Ivanovo Oblast have flat lowland plain and highest slopes at its southeast part reaching to 196 m of height where also the highest point of the region is located. The lowest point of the oblast is 75 m above the sea level is located on the banks of Klyazma River.
Lakes formed in the hollows of the runoff between the hills, and later many of them turned into swamps. On the banks of the rivers as a result of water erosion formed deep ravines. In the south of the oblast, in the districts of [[Savinsky District|Savinsky]], [[Yuzhsky District|Yuzhsky]], [[Shuysky District|Shuysky]] and in [[Palekhsky District|Palekhsky]] districts the [[karst]] relief forms in the form of craters, karst lakes are common in the oblast.
Ivanovo Oblast is located on the center of [[East European Plain]]. From a tectonic point of view this is a calm platform site located under the southern wing of the Moscow Basin. The depth of crystalline basement varies from 1,600 m in the south to 3,000 m in the north of the oblast.
* Jurassic and Triassic outcrops on the banks of Volga River.
* Legkovsky limestone quarry in the Yuzhsky District.
* Karst lakes in Savinsky, Yuzhsky, Shuysky, Palekhsky districts.
* Sand gravel pits located along the edge of the final moraines of the Moscow glaciation.
* [[Dune|Dunes]] in the Yuzhsky District.
== Minerals ==
Ivanovo Oblast is not rich in minerals. [[Fossil|Fossils]] of sedimentary origins are common.
Two deposits of [[Glass sand|glass sands]] are of federal significant. The Palekhsky District has been explored with industrial reserves of 3400 tons. [[Lezhnevsky District]] has reserves 1216 tons of sand.
== Climate ==
The climate of Ivanovo Oblast is [[Temperate continental climate|Temperate continental.]] The total radiation is 88 kcal square centimeter per year. The radiation balance is positive and is about 28 kcal cm<sup>2</sup>.
=== Winter Season ===
Winter in the oblast began in late October-early November, after the transition of air temperature through 0<math>^\circ</math>celcius. The lowest average monthly air temperature is observed in January: -8 <math>^\circ</math>celcius and the lowest: −21.3 ºС. The absolute minimum temperature is −47 ºС. In winter, especially in recent years, thaws often occur, the air temperature can reach 8ºС. During the winter, about 30% of the annual precipitation falls. The steady snow cover is established in the second decade of November. On average during the winter there are 21 days with a blizzard. Winter ends in the first half of April, with a steady transition of temperature through zero degrees. Winter lasts an average of 136 days. Solar heat intake is 6 kcal per 1 cm².
=== Summer Season ===
Summer begans in the second decade of June with the transition of the average daily temperature through 15 ºС. The warmest month of the year is July, when the average monthly air temperature reaches 18.4 ºС. Absolute maximum temperature: +38 ºС. The absolute minimum temperature: +2 ºС. Duration of summer - 124 days.
During the summer, an average of 213 mm of precipitation falls, which is 40% of their annual amount. Precipitation in the form of short rainfall is often accompanied by thunderstorms. Solar heat intake is 40 kcal per 1 cm².
=== Spring Season ===
The duration of the spring is on average 36 days. Melting of snow begins at the end of March, the complete disappearance of snow cover occurs in the second decade of April, in recent years it often ends in March. The intake of solar heat increases up to 30 kcal per 1 cm². The average daily air temperature is from −1 ºС in March to 16 ºС in May. In the spring there are often frosts. The average date of the last freeze is May 15–23. The amount of precipitation for the spring months is 115 mm, which is 20% of the annual norm. Average number of days with precipitation equal to and more than 1 mm for March - May: 26 days.
=== Autumn Season ===
The first frosts begin on September 18-24. The average temperature is 4 ºС. A minimum of 7 ºC Rainfall in the fall is less than in summer, but they are drizzling, prolonged in nature. In September - November, the winds of southeastern directions prevail. The average wind speed is 3.5-4 m / s. Intake of solar heat - 12 kcal per 1 cm². The beginning of autumn takes place in the middle of September and ends at the end of November. The average autumn duration is 80 days.
== Hydrography ==
There are about 1,700 rivers, streams and 150 lakes in the oblast.
The largest river is Volga River. The main part of it flow belongs to the Klyazma basin.
The main part of the lakes located in the central and south of the oblast. These are Podozerskoye , Yuritsinskoe , Boburyanskoe , and Petryaevskoe lakes in the [[Komsomolsky District, Ivanovo Oblast|Komsomolsky District]]; Serkovskoe in the Ivanovo District; Orekhovoe , Dolgoye and Sorokino in the Klyazma reserve; Shadrin , Lamsky , Holy , Ponyhar and Zaborje in Yuzhsky District. Much of the small lakes became swampy, many lakes formed on the developed peatlands. The largest lake in the oblast is [[Rubskoye lake|the Rubskoye]] in the [[Teykovsky District]].
The water area of the oblast is 231.4 hectars.
== Soils ==
The predominant soil type is sod-podzolic with a small amount of humus , sandy loam in the central and southern, loamyin the north-eastern parts of the region. In addition, drained peat soils are common, the lands within the Balakhna lowlands are occupied by marsh soils, and gray forest soils are found in the Ilinsky and Gavrilovo-Posad districts .
== Vegetation ==
The oblast is located at the junction of two zones: European taiga and mixed forests. Total forests occupies 48% of the region and the meadow about 10%.
In 1972, the flora of the region included almost a thousand species of wild and cultivated plants.In 2005, the forests of the Ivanovo region occupied 1037.5 thousand hectares, or 48% of the total area. The share of coniferous forests was 46% of the forested area, young stands 28%, middle-aged 37%, maturing forests - 20%, mature and over-mature forests - 15%. Estimated cutting area for cuttings of main use was 1509.4 thousand m³. In 2004, about 750 thousand m³ of wood were harvested for all types.
== Ecology ==
The ecological condition of the oblast is positive. The centers of pollution are major cities like [[Ivanovo]], [[Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast|Shuya]] and [[Kineshma]].
In 1971, the peaceful underground nuclear explosion " Globus-1 " was produced on the territory of the Ivanovo region . During the explosion, an emergency release of radioactive substances to the surface occurred. Currently, work is underway to rehabilitate the facility.
== See also ==
* [[Ivanovo Oblast]]
* [[Geography of Russia]]
[[Ivanovo Oblast]] is located in the [[European Russia|European part]] of [[Russia]]. Most of it lies between [[Volga River|Volga]] and [[Klyazma River|Klyazma]] rivers. The area is 21,800 square kilometers (8,400 square miles) which is one of the smallest in Russia. It borders with [[Kostroma Oblast]], [[Nizhny Novgorod Oblast]], [[Vladimir Oblast]] and [[Yaroslavl Oblast]]. Its length is 230 km while its width is 158 km. If it would be an independent state then it would be world's 148th largest country, larger than [[El Salvador]], [[Israel]], [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]], [[Jamaica]] or [[Bahrain]].
<br />
== Relief and Geology ==
The Ivanovo Oblast have flat lowland plain and highest slopes at its southeast part reaching to 196 m of height where also the highest point of the region is located. The lowest point of the oblast is 75 m above the sea level is located on the banks of Klyazma River.
Lakes formed in the hollows of the runoff between the hills, and later many of them turned into swamps. On the banks of the rivers as a result of water erosion formed deep ravines. In the south of the oblast, in the districts of [[Savinsky District|Savinsky]], [[Yuzhsky District|Yuzhsky]], [[Shuysky District|Shuysky]] and in [[Palekhsky District|Palekhsky]] districts the [[karst]] relief forms in the form of craters, karst lakes are common in the oblast.
Ivanovo Oblast is located on the center of [[East European Plain]]. From a tectonic point of view this is a calm platform site located under the southern wing of the Moscow Basin. The depth of crystalline basement varies from 1,600 m in the south to 3,000 m in the north of the oblast.
* Jurassic and Triassic outcrops on the banks of Volga River.
* Legkovsky limestone quarry in the Yuzhsky District.
* Karst lakes in Savinsky, Yuzhsky, Shuysky, Palekhsky districts.
* Sand gravel pits located along the edge of the final moraines of the Moscow glaciation.
* [[Dune|Dunes]] in the Yuzhsky District.
== Minerals ==
Ivanovo Oblast is not rich in minerals. [[Fossil|Fossils]] of sedimentary origins are common.
Two deposits of [[Glass sand|glass sands]] are of federal significant. The Palekhsky District has been explored with industrial reserves of 3400 tons. [[Lezhnevsky District]] has reserves 1216 tons of sand.
== Climate ==
The climate of Ivanovo Oblast is [[Temperate continental climate|Temperate continental.]] The total radiation is 88 kcal square centimeter per year. The radiation balance is positive and is about 28 kcal cm<sup>2</sup>.
=== Winter Season ===
Winter in the oblast began in late October-early November, after the transition of air temperature through 0<math>^\circ</math>celcius. The lowest average monthly air temperature is observed in January: -8 <math>^\circ</math>celcius and the lowest: −21.3 ºС. The absolute minimum temperature is −47 ºС. In winter, especially in recent years, thaws often occur, the air temperature can reach 8ºС. During the winter, about 30% of the annual precipitation falls. The steady snow cover is established in the second decade of November. On average during the winter there are 21 days with a blizzard. Winter ends in the first half of April, with a steady transition of temperature through zero degrees. Winter lasts an average of 136 days. Solar heat intake is 6 kcal per 1 cm².
=== Summer Season ===
Summer begans in the second decade of June with the transition of the average daily temperature through 15 ºС. The warmest month of the year is July, when the average monthly air temperature reaches 18.4 ºС. Absolute maximum temperature: +38 ºС. The absolute minimum temperature: +2 ºС. Duration of summer - 124 days.
During the summer, an average of 213 mm of precipitation falls, which is 40% of their annual amount. Precipitation in the form of short rainfall is often accompanied by thunderstorms. Solar heat intake is 40 kcal per 1 cm².
=== Spring Season ===
The duration of the spring is on average 36 days. Melting of snow begins at the end of March, the complete disappearance of snow cover occurs in the second decade of April, in recent years it often ends in March. The intake of solar heat increases up to 30 kcal per 1 cm². The average daily air temperature is from −1 ºС in March to 16 ºС in May. In the spring there are often frosts. The average date of the last freeze is May 15–23. The amount of precipitation for the spring months is 115 mm, which is 20% of the annual norm. Average number of days with precipitation equal to and more than 1 mm for March - May: 26 days.
=== Autumn Season ===
The first frosts begin on September 18-24. The average temperature is 4 ºС. A minimum of 7 ºC Rainfall in the fall is less than in summer, but they are drizzling, prolonged in nature. In September - November, the winds of southeastern directions prevail. The average wind speed is 3.5-4 m / s. Intake of solar heat - 12 kcal per 1 cm². The beginning of autumn takes place in the middle of September and ends at the end of November. The average autumn duration is 80 days.
== Hydrography ==
There are about 1,700 rivers, streams and 150 lakes in the oblast.
The largest river is Volga River. The main part of it flow belongs to the Klyazma basin.
The main part of the lakes located in the central and south of the oblast. These are Podozerskoye , Yuritsinskoe , Boburyanskoe , and Petryaevskoe lakes in the [[Komsomolsky District, Ivanovo Oblast|Komsomolsky District]]; Serkovskoe in the Ivanovo District; Orekhovoe , Dolgoye and Sorokino in the Klyazma reserve; Shadrin , Lamsky , Holy , Ponyhar and Zaborje in Yuzhsky District. Much of the small lakes became swampy, many lakes formed on the developed peatlands. The largest lake in the oblast is [[Rubskoye lake|the Rubskoye]] in the [[Teykovsky District]].
The water area of the oblast is 231.4 hectars.
== Soils ==
The predominant soil type is sod-podzolic with a small amount of humus , sandy loam in the central and southern, loamyin the north-eastern parts of the region. In addition, drained peat soils are common, the lands within the Balakhna lowlands are occupied by marsh soils, and gray forest soils are found in the Ilinsky and Gavrilovo-Posad districts .
== Vegetation ==
The oblast is located at the junction of two zones: European taiga and mixed forests. Total forests occupies 48% of the region and the meadow about 10%.
In 1972, the flora of the region included almost a thousand species of wild and cultivated plants.In 2005, the forests of the Ivanovo region occupied 1037.5 thousand hectares, or 48% of the total area. The share of coniferous forests was 46% of the forested area, young stands 28%, middle-aged 37%, maturing forests - 20%, mature and over-mature forests - 15%. Estimated cutting area for cuttings of main use was 1509.4 thousand m³. In 2004, about 750 thousand m³ of wood were harvested for all types.
== Ecology ==
The ecological condition of the oblast is positive. The centers of pollution are major cities like [[Ivanovo]], [[Shuya, Ivanovo Oblast|Shuya]] and [[Kineshma]].
In 1971, the peaceful underground nuclear explosion " Globus-1 " was produced on the territory of the Ivanovo region . During the explosion, an emergency release of radioactive substances to the surface occurred. Currently, work is underway to rehabilitate the facility.
== See also ==
* [[Ivanovo Oblast]]
* [[Geography of Russia]]
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