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The '''Jumbes of Nkhotakota''' were a dynasty of [[Swahili people|Swahili]] Arab traders based in [[Nkhotakota]], on the western shore of [[Lake Malawi]]<ref name=":1">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>. They were running an East-West caravan trade, exchanging cloths from the [[Swahili coast]] for [[Ivory trade|ivory]] and [[Arab slave trade|slaves]]<ref name=":0">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>. They introduced the [[Islam in Malawi|Muslim faith and culture]] in the Nkhotakota area and were the first to grow rice and coconuts in the region<ref name=":0" />.
== History ==
The founder of the dynasty, Salim bin Abdallah, arrived at Nkhotakota arround [[1840s|1840]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>. He was an Arab from Zanzibar and had previously been involved in slave and ivory trade at [[Ujiji]] and [[Tabora]] in nowadays Tanzania<ref name=":3">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>. He asked the local [[Chewa people|Chewa]] chiefs for some land to establish a trading post. He was able to build his power by building [[Dhow|dhows]] that enabled merchants to trade goods across the lake and because he possessed firearms with which he could protect the lake populations against the [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] invasions.
The Jumbes brought some 20000 slaves yearly to the port of [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] in nowadays [[Tanzania]]<ref name=":1" />. The captives were kept in Nkhotakota until there was 1000 of them. They were then shipped across Lake Malawi and forced to walk for three to four month till they arrived to the Kilwa slave market where they were sold<ref name=":1" />. The Scottish explorer and missionary [[David Livingstone]] witnessed this slave trade when he visited Nkhotakota in 1861. In 1864, he established a treaty with the Jumbe and the Chew chiefs to put an end to the slave trade. However, it was to no avail and the trade continued<ref name=":1" />.
The Jumbes also engaged in ivory trade. They employed local hunters to collect ivory from the hills west of Nkhotakota. By 1889, the slave trade had faded and the Jumbe derived most of his revenue from the ivory trade. His hunters radiated in every direction from central Malawi<ref name=":3" />. As the Jumbe chiefdom was on the same ivory trade route than the Mwase chiefdom, there was significant infighting between both<ref name=":3" />.
He won a large personal following that he established in villages ruled by his headmen<ref name=":2" />. He insisted that his followers, mainly [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] traders and Chewa refugees, [[Religious conversion#Islam|convert to Islam]]. Ultimately, Salim bin Abdallah set himself as Sultan of Marimba<ref name=":2" /> expressing his allegiance for the [[List of Sultans of Zanzibar|Sultan of Zanzibar]]. The Jumbes (meaning "Prince"<ref name=":3" />) established their power though [[indirect rule]], relying on the authority of local Chewa chiefs. They did not attempt to convert theirs subjects. However, to promote the chiefs loyalty, they encouraged them to send their male offspring to the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]] so that they would receive an islamic education<ref name=":2" />.
At the end of the 19th century, Nkhotakota had become a thriving trade center of 6000 inhabitants. It was the main Islamic outpost in Nyassaland, rice cultivation had been extended along the lake shore<ref name=":3" />.
The power of the Jumbes remained unchallenged until [[Henry Hamilton Johnston]] asserted the authority of the [[British Central Africa Protectorate]] in this area<ref name=":0" />. He undertook significant efforts to put an end to the slave trade. He attacked the last Jumbe with a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] force in 1894 was tried and exiled to Zanzibar<ref name=":1" />.
== Landmarks ==
Some heritage sites of the Jumbes of Nkhotakota can bee seen in Malawi. They include the first mosque built in the country, the graves of the three first Jumbes as well as their lieutenants' graves. The [[Ficus|fig trees]] under which the Jumbe and Livingstone met and agreed to discontinue the slave trade can still be seen<ref name=":1" />.
== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Zanzibari people]]
[[Category:African slave traders]]
[[Category:Slave owners]]
[[Category:African slave trade]]
[[Category:History of Zanzibar]]
[[Category:History of Malawi]]
[[Category:19th-century businesspeople]]
[[Category:Islam and slavery]]
== History ==
The founder of the dynasty, Salim bin Abdallah, arrived at Nkhotakota arround [[1840s|1840]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>. He was an Arab from Zanzibar and had previously been involved in slave and ivory trade at [[Ujiji]] and [[Tabora]] in nowadays Tanzania<ref name=":3">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>. He asked the local [[Chewa people|Chewa]] chiefs for some land to establish a trading post. He was able to build his power by building [[Dhow|dhows]] that enabled merchants to trade goods across the lake and because he possessed firearms with which he could protect the lake populations against the [[Ngoni people|Ngoni]] invasions.
The Jumbes brought some 20000 slaves yearly to the port of [[Kilwa Kisiwani|Kilwa]] in nowadays [[Tanzania]]<ref name=":1" />. The captives were kept in Nkhotakota until there was 1000 of them. They were then shipped across Lake Malawi and forced to walk for three to four month till they arrived to the Kilwa slave market where they were sold<ref name=":1" />. The Scottish explorer and missionary [[David Livingstone]] witnessed this slave trade when he visited Nkhotakota in 1861. In 1864, he established a treaty with the Jumbe and the Chew chiefs to put an end to the slave trade. However, it was to no avail and the trade continued<ref name=":1" />.
The Jumbes also engaged in ivory trade. They employed local hunters to collect ivory from the hills west of Nkhotakota. By 1889, the slave trade had faded and the Jumbe derived most of his revenue from the ivory trade. His hunters radiated in every direction from central Malawi<ref name=":3" />. As the Jumbe chiefdom was on the same ivory trade route than the Mwase chiefdom, there was significant infighting between both<ref name=":3" />.
He won a large personal following that he established in villages ruled by his headmen<ref name=":2" />. He insisted that his followers, mainly [[Yao people (East Africa)|Yao]] traders and Chewa refugees, [[Religious conversion#Islam|convert to Islam]]. Ultimately, Salim bin Abdallah set himself as Sultan of Marimba<ref name=":2" /> expressing his allegiance for the [[List of Sultans of Zanzibar|Sultan of Zanzibar]]. The Jumbes (meaning "Prince"<ref name=":3" />) established their power though [[indirect rule]], relying on the authority of local Chewa chiefs. They did not attempt to convert theirs subjects. However, to promote the chiefs loyalty, they encouraged them to send their male offspring to the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]] so that they would receive an islamic education<ref name=":2" />.
At the end of the 19th century, Nkhotakota had become a thriving trade center of 6000 inhabitants. It was the main Islamic outpost in Nyassaland, rice cultivation had been extended along the lake shore<ref name=":3" />.
The power of the Jumbes remained unchallenged until [[Henry Hamilton Johnston]] asserted the authority of the [[British Central Africa Protectorate]] in this area<ref name=":0" />. He undertook significant efforts to put an end to the slave trade. He attacked the last Jumbe with a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] force in 1894 was tried and exiled to Zanzibar<ref name=":1" />.
== Landmarks ==
Some heritage sites of the Jumbes of Nkhotakota can bee seen in Malawi. They include the first mosque built in the country, the graves of the three first Jumbes as well as their lieutenants' graves. The [[Ficus|fig trees]] under which the Jumbe and Livingstone met and agreed to discontinue the slave trade can still be seen<ref name=":1" />.
== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Zanzibari people]]
[[Category:African slave traders]]
[[Category:Slave owners]]
[[Category:African slave trade]]
[[Category:History of Zanzibar]]
[[Category:History of Malawi]]
[[Category:19th-century businesspeople]]
[[Category:Islam and slavery]]
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