Mikael Häggström: /* Lung nodules */ Nog figure yet
[[File:CT with consolidations with air bronchograms in legionnaires' disease.png|thumb|[[CT scan]] of air bronchograms in a case of [[legionnaires' disease]].]]
An '''air bronchogram''' is defined as a pattern of air-filled bronchi on a background of airless lung.<ref name=Snoeckx2017></ref>
==Consolidations==
In [[pulmonary consolidation]]s and [[Pulmonary infiltrate|infiltrates]], air bronchograms can be seen in for example:<ref></ref>
*[[Pulmonary edema]] especially with alveolar edema
*Non-obstructive [[atelectasis]]
*Severe [[interstitial lung disease]]
*[[Pulmonary infarct]]
*[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
*Normal expiration
==Lung nodules==
For [[lung nodule]]s, air bronchograms used to be associated with infectious causes of consolidation and, therefore, “benignity”. However in the setting of a lung nodule, an air bronchogram is actually more frequent in malignant than in benign nodules.<ref name=Snoeckx2017/> Qiang et al.<ref>Qiang JW, Zhou KR, Lu G et al (2004) The relationship between solitary pulmonary nodules and bronchi: multi-slice CT–pathological correlation. Clin Radiol 59:1121–1127</ref> studied the tumour-bronchus relationship and described five types:<ref name=Snoeckx2017/>
*In “Type 1” the bronchial lumen is patent up to the tumour.
*In “Type 2” the bronchus is contained in the tumor.
These types are more common in malignant nodules.
*A compressed and narrowed bronchus is defined as “Type 3”, and can occur in both benign and malignant nodules.
*Narrowing of the proximal bronchial tree is described as “type 4” and is associated with malignancy.
*“Type 5” is a bronchus compressed and flattened by the nodule with intact smooth wall. This type is mainly seen in benign nodules.
Keeping in mind how a tumour with lepidic growth expands, it is not surprising that the air bronchogram in these tumours is smooth. In contradistinction, a desmoplastic response may cause irregularities of the bronchogram.<ref name=Snoeckx2017/> When retraction of tumoural fibrosis occur, the air bronchogram can even become somewhat dilated. Although this sign can occur in all lung cancer cell types, it is more common in adenocarcinoma.<ref name=Snoeckx2017/> Studies suggest the association of this sign with an activated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutation.<ref name=Snoeckx2017/>
==References==
An '''air bronchogram''' is defined as a pattern of air-filled bronchi on a background of airless lung.<ref name=Snoeckx2017></ref>
==Consolidations==
In [[pulmonary consolidation]]s and [[Pulmonary infiltrate|infiltrates]], air bronchograms can be seen in for example:<ref></ref>
*[[Pulmonary edema]] especially with alveolar edema
*Non-obstructive [[atelectasis]]
*Severe [[interstitial lung disease]]
*[[Pulmonary infarct]]
*[[Pulmonary hemorrhage]]
*Normal expiration
==Lung nodules==
For [[lung nodule]]s, air bronchograms used to be associated with infectious causes of consolidation and, therefore, “benignity”. However in the setting of a lung nodule, an air bronchogram is actually more frequent in malignant than in benign nodules.<ref name=Snoeckx2017/> Qiang et al.<ref>Qiang JW, Zhou KR, Lu G et al (2004) The relationship between solitary pulmonary nodules and bronchi: multi-slice CT–pathological correlation. Clin Radiol 59:1121–1127</ref> studied the tumour-bronchus relationship and described five types:<ref name=Snoeckx2017/>
*In “Type 1” the bronchial lumen is patent up to the tumour.
*In “Type 2” the bronchus is contained in the tumor.
These types are more common in malignant nodules.
*A compressed and narrowed bronchus is defined as “Type 3”, and can occur in both benign and malignant nodules.
*Narrowing of the proximal bronchial tree is described as “type 4” and is associated with malignancy.
*“Type 5” is a bronchus compressed and flattened by the nodule with intact smooth wall. This type is mainly seen in benign nodules.
Keeping in mind how a tumour with lepidic growth expands, it is not surprising that the air bronchogram in these tumours is smooth. In contradistinction, a desmoplastic response may cause irregularities of the bronchogram.<ref name=Snoeckx2017/> When retraction of tumoural fibrosis occur, the air bronchogram can even become somewhat dilated. Although this sign can occur in all lung cancer cell types, it is more common in adenocarcinoma.<ref name=Snoeckx2017/> Studies suggest the association of this sign with an activated Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutation.<ref name=Snoeckx2017/>
==References==
from Wikipedia - New pages [en] http://bit.ly/2IOB4ur
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