Tuesday, November 27, 2018

Tea growing (or raising) in Azerbaijan

Turkishturan: added a new subtitle


[[File:Xaçmazsimavarı.png|thumb|A huge samovar in Khachmaz city]]
In [[Azerbaijan]], Lenkeran-Astara region is mainly specialized in tea-growing in the area of approximately 5.33 thousand square km. including the districts of Astara, [[Lankaran|Lenkeran]], [[Masally District|Masalli]], [[Lerik District|Lerik]], Yardimli, and [[Cəlilabad|Jalilabad]]. The first time, the idea of growing tea in the humid regions of Caspian Sea sector in Azerbaijan was suggested in the 1880s and 1890s. In that time Lenkeran-Astara region attracted attention due to favorable climatic conditions for tea-growing.<ref name=":0">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>

== History ==
At the end of the 19th century, M. O. Novoselov (Russian expert) planted the first experimental of tea bushes in the Lankaran region. In 1896, for the first time, he established a tea factory here. After two years later (in 1900), there were small experimental tea plantations around the factory. Despite the attempts it did not turn into industrial production and perished in 1920. After development of tea industry in the Soviets led to the resurgence in this area in the Lenkaran and [[Zaqatala (city)|Zakatala]] regions. Between 1932—1934 it is decided to establish large-scale tea plantations. In 1937, the first packs of Azerbaijani tea were released.

In subsequent years, the USSR increased the production of domestic tea - Georgian, Krasnodar, Azerbaijan, so that by 1988, 38.5 thousand tons of tea leaves (mainly black) was produced in Azerbaijan. In 1983, tea-growing in Azerbaijan spread to 9.3 thousand hectares area.

However, with the collapse of the USSR, the tea production in Azerbaijan began to deteriorate. Moreover, in the 1990s, [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]] had an extremely adverse impact on tea production — the volume of tea production dropped to 1,200 tons by 1995.

With the development of market relations in [[Azerbaijan]], tea production began to revive, including through joint relations with Turkey and the United Arab Emirates. The tea produced in the country is mostly green, but black tea is also quite common which grown in the Lankaran. Azerbaijani tea consumed mainly within the borders of Azerbaijan, but it also exported to neighboring states, such as [[Turkey]], Russia (Dagestan), and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].

The main tea-growing bases of Azerbaijan today are Lankaran, [[Astara District|Astara]], Lerik, Masalli, Zakatala and Balakan districts.

Currently, in Azerbaijan, the development of tea-growing is related to Lankaran-Astara economic region. In the Sheki-Zagatala economic region, this growth is relatively weak.<ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>

== Natural condition ==
The local tea plantations lie between the [[Caspian Sea]] and Talysh Mountains where the subtropical climate and humidity make it possible for growing tea.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>

'''Statistics for total planting area harvesting and productivity over years.''' <ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''Years'''
|'''Total''' '''sown area'''
|'''mature enough for tea plant harvesting'''
|'''Total harvesting  '''
|'''Productivity,'''

'''per ha'''
|-
| colspan="2" |'''1000 ha'''
|'''1000 ton'''
|'''centner'''
|-
|'''1940'''
|5,1
|1,2
|0,2
|2,0
|-
|'''1945'''
|...
|...
|0,5
|...
|-
|'''1950'''
|...
|...
|0,8
|...
|-
|'''1951'''
|...
|...
|1,0
|...
|-
|'''1952'''
|...
|...
|1,6
|...
|-
|'''1953'''
|6,5
|1,9
|2,0
|10,5
|-
|'''1954'''
|6,7
|2,4
|2,0
|8,3
|-
|'''1955'''
|6,9
|2,4
|2,6
|10,4
|-
|'''1956'''
|6,8
|2,6
|2,8
|10,8
|-
|'''1957'''
|6,9
|2,7
|3,4
|12,6
|-
|'''1958'''
|7,0
|2,9
|3,9
|13,4
|-
|'''1959'''
|7,1
|3,5
|4,1
|11,7
|-
|'''1960'''
|6,4
|3,7
|4,7
|12,4
|-
|'''1961'''
|6,4
|4,0
|5,0
|12,0
|-
|'''1962'''
|6,5
|4,6
|6,2
|12,9
|-
|'''1963'''
|6,6
|5,4
|6,9
|12,6
|-
|'''1964'''
|6,6
|5,4
|7,0
|12,9
|-
|'''1965'''
|6,4
|5,7
|8,2
|14,3
|-
|'''1966'''
|6,6
|5,8
|8,3
|14,2
|-
|'''1967'''
|7,2
|5,7
|8,7
|15,1
|-
|'''1968'''
|7,4
|5,8
|9,5
|16,4
|-
|'''1969'''
|7,6
|5,7
|9,4
|16,4
|-
|'''1970'''
|7,9
|5,8
|9,9
|16,9
|-
|'''1971'''
|8,2
|5,9
|10,1
|17,0
|-
|'''1972'''
|8,1
|5,8
|10,7
|18,5
|-
|'''1973'''
|7,4
|5,0
|11,6
|23,2
|-
|'''1974'''
|8,2
|5,0
|13,2
|26,2
|-
|'''1975'''
|8,5
|4,8
|13,1
|26,9
|-
|'''1976'''
|9,0
|4,9
|14,1
|29,0
|-
|'''1977'''
|9,6
|4,9
|16,4
|33,3
|-
|'''1978'''
|10,1
|4,9
|17,7
|35,9
|-
|'''1979'''
|9,6
|4,7
|20,0
|42,2
|-
|'''1980'''
|10,3
|4,6
|21,8
|46,9
|-
|'''1981'''
|10,8
|4,9
|25,5
|52,1
|-
|'''1982'''
|11,5
|5,8
|26,7
|46,0
|-
|'''1983'''
|12,3
|6,7
|30,3
|45,3
|-
|'''1984'''
|13,0
|7,0
|32,0
|45,7
|-
|'''1985'''
|13,4
|7,3
|31,7
|43,3
|-
|'''1986'''
|13,4
|7,6
|32,7
|43,1
|-
|'''1987'''
|13,4
|7,1
|34,2
|47,7
|-
|'''1988'''
|13,2
|6,9
|34,5
|49,5
|-
|'''1989'''
|13,1
|7,4
|32,7
|44,3
|-
|'''1990'''
|13,3
|7,9
|30,7
|39,0
|-
|'''1991'''
|13,3
|8,0
|26,6
|33,1
|-
|'''1992'''
|13,1
|8,5
|22,6
|26,6
|-
|'''1993'''
|13,3
|9,0
|24,0
|26,6
|-
|'''1994'''
|13,2
|9,7
|19,4
|20,0
|-
|'''1995'''
|11,4
|9,1
|9,41
|10,3
|-
|'''1996'''
|8,4
|7,8
|3,03
|3,9
|-
|'''1997'''
|7,2
|7,0
|1,63
|2,3
|-
|'''1998'''
|6,5
|6,4
|0,86
|1,3
|-
|'''1999'''
|5,5
|5,4
|2,73
|5,1
|-
|'''2000'''
|5,4
|5,4
|1,08
|2,0
|-
|'''2001'''
|3,9
|3,9
|1,42
|3,7
|-
|'''2002'''
|3,7
|3,7
|1,44
|3,9
|-
|'''2003'''
|3,7
|3,7
|0,94
|2,6
|-
|'''2004'''
|3,7
|3,7
|1,05
|2,9
|-
|'''2005'''
|2,9
|2,9
|0,74
|2,5
|-
|'''2006'''
|1,8
|1,8
|0,65
|3,6
|-
|'''2007'''
|1,7
|1,7
|0,48
|2,8
|-
|'''2008'''
|1,0
|1,0
|0,32
|3,2
|-
|'''2009'''
|0,8
|0,8
|0,45
|5,7
|-
|'''2010'''
|0,6
|0,6
|0,54
|9,4
|-
|'''2011'''
|0,8
|0,5
|0,53
|9,8
|-
|'''2012'''
|0,9
|0,5
|0,57
|10,5
|-
|'''2013'''
|0,9
|0,5
|0,57
|12,0
|-
|'''2014'''
|1,0
|0,5
|0,47
|10,1
|-
|'''2015'''
|1,0
|0,5
|0,58
|12,4
|-
|'''2016'''
|1,0
|0,7
|1,02
|14,1
|-
|'''2017'''
|1,1
|0,6
|0,78
|11,1
|}

== Tea industry ==
The tea-packing factory Sun Tea Azerbaijan, operating within "Azersun Holding" (since 1996) is prominent among the tea-packing factories in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS). The company is the regional leader in South Caucasus with a production capacity of around 15 thousand tons per year. The company produces a pure green tea leaf at its tea primary treatment factories that are located in Lenkaran and Astara regions. Its activities embrace tea leaf drying, twisting, fermentation, drying, dry sorting, packing in large container, separation ofextraneous admixtures (a branch, fruit stem, metallic contaminant, etc.) and alsopackaging. It mainly produces packaged tea, green tea, and fruit teas. Tea-packing factory “Sun Tea Azerbaijan” offer its packaged tea of 5 large trademarks which is exported to the [[Caucasus]], Central Asia and entire CIS, primarily Russia. For its premier brand Azerçay, the company uses leaves from tea plantations in the country or directly from tea producers in renowned tea-growing regions of India, Vietnam and Kenya. To meet supply needs of the factory in Baku, it also gets high-quality Ceylon teas through its Inter Tea, trading subsidiary in Sri Lanka.8. “Sun Tea Azerbaijan” factory packages tea in several weights (50, 100, 250, and 500 grams) in accordance with Azerbaijan State Standard and Hygienic Certificate of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Azerbaijan.  The factory mainly uses mixture of Ceylon and Indian raw teas for the production of “Final” and “Maryam” tea marks. In fact, there are several types of tea and each has different quality and composition.

“Sun Tea Azerbaijan” factory packages 18 different types of “Final” branded black velvety tea such as Final Best Blend, Final Pasha, Final FBOP, Final Pokoe, Final OPA, Final CTC, Final New “Ətirli”, Final Super, New Final Super, New Final Earl Grey, New Final Family, Final Poset. The last 6 types are included in different categories due to the special “bird” mark on them. They comprises Final Melody, Final Morning, Final CHARISMA, Final FANTASY, Final Romance, and Final Royal Blend. The factory also produces 6 types of “Maryam” branded velvety tea including Maryam Broken Maryam Super, Maryam Flavoury, Maryam Oriqinal, Maryam Broken Poset, Maryam Super, and Maryam Teabags.<ref name=":1">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>

=== Production based on local tea-growing ===
The company also packages tea that grown in Lankaran- Astara economic region.<ref name=":1" />

* Azercay etirli
* Blendo Berqamut
* Blendo Economy
* Giz Galasi
* “Purrangi cayı kaklikotu ile”
* Purrangi cayı  

== Tea culture ==

The ancient traditions of tea ceremonies makes it very pleasant for Azerbaijani people to use tea as the main beverage in their daily life very often. It is also commonplace in Azerbaijan that any guest will be welcomed firstly by black tea. In Azerbaijani culture serving tea at the beginning of a meal is the symbol of hospitality and it is often served with fig, strawberry, apricot, walnut, blackberry and other jams. This tradition usually makes the conversation flow smoother among the guests. Azerbaijani people usually spices tea with cinnamon, lemon or ginger in order to add an extra flavor to it. According to the [[Culture of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani culture]], tea is served in crystal glasses which originally reminds pear so that it is referred as "armudu stəkan" menas "pear-shaped glass". Tea is served continuously when there are guests in the house or when there is an interesting conversation. In addition, “samovar tea” is more preferable to the other boiling techniques as the smell and taste of fresh samovar tea is considered different from normal ones. Moreover, due to the high demand for tea, Azerbaijan has plenty of tea houses which originally called as "chaykhana" in almost every neighborhood. Historically "chaykhana" was mainly male dominated place and women did not go to public places. The word "chaykhana" means a place where men have tea and this culture is as old and strong in Azerbaijan as pubs in Britain. Chaykhanas are considered as main places for men to discuss daily news related to the politics or other important issues and play backgammon while drinking tea.5. Azerbaijanis also prepare “tea” from fragrant and spicy herbs such as corn silk tea, mint tea, cinnamon tea, saffron tea, ginger tea, dog-rose tea, hawthorn tea and thyme tea.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>

== Law on tea-growing ==
The Law of Azerbaijani Republic on tea growing establishes the legal basis of regulation of the organization of tea growing, production, processing and turnover of tea, and also quality assurance of tea products in the Azerbaijan Republic. The main directions of state policy in the field of tea growing consist of stimulation of investing activities and cooperation, expansion leasing and agro-services, improvement of quality and increase in export of tea products, protection of the domestic market, and also improvement of social security and preserving ecological equilibrium in regions where tea is grown up. The law approved by the former President of Azerbaijan [[Heydar Aliyev]] (December 17, 2002) aims to ensure recovery and development of tea growing in the country by tea production incentive, creation of economic and legal guarantee for delivery to the consumer market of the competitive, meeting international standards tea products. State program on the development of tea growing in the Azerbaijan Republic for 2018-2027 approved by the decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan [[Ilham Aliyev]] (February 12, 2018) aims to develop tea growing, increase the export potential in this industry, and ensure the employment of rural population.<ref name=":2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>

== Duties of the state in the field of tea-growing ==
According to the Law of Azerbaijani Republic about tea growing the duties of the state in the field of tea growing embraces the followings.<ref name=":2" />

1. Adopt regulatory legal acts on regulation of measures for the organization of tea growing, cultivation of tea landing materials, production, turnover and improvement of quality of tea products;

2. Study, predict the market of tea products, develop and perform target state programs on development of industry;

3. Stimulate on the basis of target programs of cultivation of tea plantations on lands, suitable for tea, recovery of the existing tea plantations, cultivation of tea landing materials, improvements of scientific ensuring tea growing, increase in export and improvement of quality of tea products;

4. Exercise the state quality control and turnover of tea products;

5. Perform other tasks established by the legislation.

== See also ==
[[Azerbaijani tea culture]]

== References ==
[[Category:Tea culture by country]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Azerbaijan]]


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