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Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
The '''Council for Aboriginal Rights''' ('''CAR''') was founded in [[Melbourne]] in 1951 and wound up in the mid-1980s. Its stated aim was to "plan, conduct and organize the widest possible support for a campaign to obtain justice for all [[Australian Aborigines]]".<ref name=caradb>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
==Foundation==
A strike in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] in 1950 led indirectly to the creation of CAR. The [[North Australian Workers' Union]] (NAWU) had supported the residents of the [[Aboriginal reserve]]s of [[Bagot Community|Bagot]] and [[Berrimah, Northern Territory|Berrimah]] reserves in their actions opposing [[curfew]]s imposed on by the government, and demands for for better housing, wages and working conditions. NAWU also publicised the exile of the leader of the strike action, Fred Waters, to [[Haast's Bluff]], west of [[Alice Springs]], over from his home and family, by the Department of Native Affairs, despite having not been convicted of any crime. NAWU president Murray Norris garnered support on a speaking tour of the eastern states, helping non-Indigenous people to understand the conditions suffered by Aboriginal Territorians.
After hearing Norris speak, a group of people founded the Council for Aboriginal Rights at a meeting on 16 March 1951, attended by about 70 people, including members of [[trades unions]], women’s organisations, and churches. The new organisation's aims were to fight for the rights of and justice for Aboriginal Australians, although pastor (and former footballer) [[Doug Nicholls]] and [[Bill Onus]] were the only Aboriginal people present. The group based the principles, constitution and subsequent campaigns of the Council on the [[United Nations Declaration of Human Rights]] (passed in 1948). The first office-bearers elected were:
*President: Farnham Maynard, an [[Anglican]] clergyman
*Vice-President: Colin Williams, a [[Methodist]] minister
*Honorary Secretary: Henry Wardlaw
Executive members (all peace activists) included [[Shirley Andrews]], biochemist, researcher and activist, and Molly Rayne, an academic at the [[University of Melbourne]].
A few months later, the first public meeting of the Council was held in [[Melbourne Town Hall]] on 19 June 1951 and attracting 900 people, including individuals from other states and various organisations such as unions, women’s organisations, and religious bodies who joined the new body. The three speakers at the inaugural meeting, medical practitioner and church moderator [[Charles Duguid]] of [[South Australia]], writer [[Alan Marshall (Australian author)|Alan Marshall]], and Doug Nicholls. The meeting publicised the new organisation.<ref name=caradb/>
==1950s–1960s==
In early 1952, Andrews was elected honorary secretary after Wardlaw resigned.<ref name=caradb/> She held this office until 1961,<ref name=nma/> and through mobilising a network of contacts she developed, starting campaigns aiming to change discriminatory laws and practices, she and the Council began to affect some of the entrenched negative attitudes towards Aboriginal people held by white Australians. Between 1953 and 1961 Andrews wrote and edited the biannual ''Bulletin'', consisting of four or five [[Paper size#Traditional inch-based paper sizes|foolscap]] pages stapled together which described the latest CAR activities. The ''Bulletin'' even reached members abroad in England, Italy, and India.
Among her contacts, there were a few particular people with whom she worked extensively. One of these was [[Don McLeod (Aboriginal rights activist)|Don Mcleod]], the [[Western Australia]]n Aboriginal rights activist in the [[Pilbara#20th century|Pilbara in the mid-20th century]]. She enabled McLeod's lecture tour of the eastern states in 1955, which was sponsored by the Council. About 3,000 Victorians were inspired by hearing him speak about Aboriginal self-determination in WA in the form of an Aboriginal-run mining company. Another of Andrews' regular correspondents was [[Mary Montgomerie Bennett]], who worked with the [[Wongutha]] people of the [[Eastern Goldfields]] region of WA. Inspired by her work, Andrews lobbied the federal government for amendments to the ''[[Social Services Consolidation Act 1947]]'' to enable Aboriginal people's eligibility for the old age pension, [[unemployment benefit]]s, and other [[social services]].
The Council's focus was on educating non-Indigenous people about how Aboriginal people's rights were not heeded in many cases across the country. It organised defence for artist [[Albert Namatjira]], after he was charged with an offence under the ''[[Welfare Ordinance 1953]]''.
During the 1950s the Council was the strongest voice for justice for Aboriginal people in Australia, and worked towards the creation of a national advocacy body. Andrews wrote to the [[Aborigines' Advancement League of South Australia]] and the Western Australian [[Native Welfare Council]] (created in 1952 at the request of the WA Minister for Native Affairs<ref name=nma/> and co-founded by [[George Abdullah]]) in 1953 but her ideas were not greeted with action. However in 1956 Australian suffragette and committee member of the [[Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society]] in [[London]], [[Jessie Street]], wrote to Andrews about the Council's plans to bring Australia’s treatment of its Aboriginal population to the attention of the United Nations.<ref name=nma></ref>
Duguid had a very high opinion of the work done by the Council for Aboriginal Rights, considering them the most important activist body in the 1950s.<ref name=nma/>
Following the [[Warburton Ranges controversy]] in 1957, CAR was a founding member of the [[Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement]] (FCAA, later FCAATSI), with representatives at the Adelaide meeting on 16 February 1958 which marked the founding of the first body which represented Aboriginal interests nationally. With the FCAA headquarters in Melbourne, CAR would often take on projects upon request by Davey, who was FCAA secretary.<ref name=nma/>
In 1957 [[Barry Christophers]] became president after Baynes' resignation. Doug Nicholls and Stan Davey wished to focus more on the welfare needs of [[Aboriginal Victorians]], so Andrews encouraged them to establish a new organisation; this would become the [[Victorian Aborigines Advancement League]] (VAAL), established in 1957 (now Aboriginal Advancement League). Both organisations remained affiliated with the FCAA. [[ASIO]] became interested in the organisation as several of the office bearers were members of the [[Communist Party of Australia]], and it was during the [[Cold War]] years.<ref name=caradb/>
In 1961 [[Pauline Pickford]] took over the position of honorary secretary from Andrews. Pickford's presence brought in more Aboriginal Victorians, including [[Laurie Moffatt]] from [[Lake Tyers]], sister of [[Joe McGinness]]' sister Margaret Edwards, and Nicholls and [[Bill Onus]] were all active during the 1960s. After involvement with a case concerning the [[Cape Bedford Mission]] at [[Hopevale, Queensland|Hope Vale]] in [[Queensland]] in 1961, Pickford retained close ties with [[Gladys O'Shane]], president of the [[Cairns Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Advancement League]] and other activists from far north Queensland, such as McGinness and [[Evelyn Scott (activist)|Evelyn Scott]].<ref name=caradb/>
==1970s–1980s==
In 1973 FCAATSI became an Indigenous-controlled body, and the [[Whitlam Labor government]] set up the [[National Aboriginal Consultative Committee]] in the same year, and helped to fund new organisations such as [[ATSILS|Aboriginal legal services]] and Aboriginal health services. CAR continued to support Indigenous enterprises, but its earlier sense of purpose had diminished. There is no evidence in the organisation's files, held in the [[State Library of Victoria]], of an exact date when it ceased to function, but its activities appear to have come to an end in the mid-1980s.<ref name=caradb/>
==References==
[[Category:Indigenous rights organizations]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Organisations serving Indigenous Australians]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian politics]]
Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
The '''Council for Aboriginal Rights''' ('''CAR''') was founded in [[Melbourne]] in 1951 and wound up in the mid-1980s. Its stated aim was to "plan, conduct and organize the widest possible support for a campaign to obtain justice for all [[Australian Aborigines]]".<ref name=caradb>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
==Foundation==
A strike in [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] in 1950 led indirectly to the creation of CAR. The [[North Australian Workers' Union]] (NAWU) had supported the residents of the [[Aboriginal reserve]]s of [[Bagot Community|Bagot]] and [[Berrimah, Northern Territory|Berrimah]] reserves in their actions opposing [[curfew]]s imposed on by the government, and demands for for better housing, wages and working conditions. NAWU also publicised the exile of the leader of the strike action, Fred Waters, to [[Haast's Bluff]], west of [[Alice Springs]], over from his home and family, by the Department of Native Affairs, despite having not been convicted of any crime. NAWU president Murray Norris garnered support on a speaking tour of the eastern states, helping non-Indigenous people to understand the conditions suffered by Aboriginal Territorians.
After hearing Norris speak, a group of people founded the Council for Aboriginal Rights at a meeting on 16 March 1951, attended by about 70 people, including members of [[trades unions]], women’s organisations, and churches. The new organisation's aims were to fight for the rights of and justice for Aboriginal Australians, although pastor (and former footballer) [[Doug Nicholls]] and [[Bill Onus]] were the only Aboriginal people present. The group based the principles, constitution and subsequent campaigns of the Council on the [[United Nations Declaration of Human Rights]] (passed in 1948). The first office-bearers elected were:
*President: Farnham Maynard, an [[Anglican]] clergyman
*Vice-President: Colin Williams, a [[Methodist]] minister
*Honorary Secretary: Henry Wardlaw
Executive members (all peace activists) included [[Shirley Andrews]], biochemist, researcher and activist, and Molly Rayne, an academic at the [[University of Melbourne]].
A few months later, the first public meeting of the Council was held in [[Melbourne Town Hall]] on 19 June 1951 and attracting 900 people, including individuals from other states and various organisations such as unions, women’s organisations, and religious bodies who joined the new body. The three speakers at the inaugural meeting, medical practitioner and church moderator [[Charles Duguid]] of [[South Australia]], writer [[Alan Marshall (Australian author)|Alan Marshall]], and Doug Nicholls. The meeting publicised the new organisation.<ref name=caradb/>
==1950s–1960s==
In early 1952, Andrews was elected honorary secretary after Wardlaw resigned.<ref name=caradb/> She held this office until 1961,<ref name=nma/> and through mobilising a network of contacts she developed, starting campaigns aiming to change discriminatory laws and practices, she and the Council began to affect some of the entrenched negative attitudes towards Aboriginal people held by white Australians. Between 1953 and 1961 Andrews wrote and edited the biannual ''Bulletin'', consisting of four or five [[Paper size#Traditional inch-based paper sizes|foolscap]] pages stapled together which described the latest CAR activities. The ''Bulletin'' even reached members abroad in England, Italy, and India.
Among her contacts, there were a few particular people with whom she worked extensively. One of these was [[Don McLeod (Aboriginal rights activist)|Don Mcleod]], the [[Western Australia]]n Aboriginal rights activist in the [[Pilbara#20th century|Pilbara in the mid-20th century]]. She enabled McLeod's lecture tour of the eastern states in 1955, which was sponsored by the Council. About 3,000 Victorians were inspired by hearing him speak about Aboriginal self-determination in WA in the form of an Aboriginal-run mining company. Another of Andrews' regular correspondents was [[Mary Montgomerie Bennett]], who worked with the [[Wongutha]] people of the [[Eastern Goldfields]] region of WA. Inspired by her work, Andrews lobbied the federal government for amendments to the ''[[Social Services Consolidation Act 1947]]'' to enable Aboriginal people's eligibility for the old age pension, [[unemployment benefit]]s, and other [[social services]].
The Council's focus was on educating non-Indigenous people about how Aboriginal people's rights were not heeded in many cases across the country. It organised defence for artist [[Albert Namatjira]], after he was charged with an offence under the ''[[Welfare Ordinance 1953]]''.
During the 1950s the Council was the strongest voice for justice for Aboriginal people in Australia, and worked towards the creation of a national advocacy body. Andrews wrote to the [[Aborigines' Advancement League of South Australia]] and the Western Australian [[Native Welfare Council]] (created in 1952 at the request of the WA Minister for Native Affairs<ref name=nma/> and co-founded by [[George Abdullah]]) in 1953 but her ideas were not greeted with action. However in 1956 Australian suffragette and committee member of the [[Anti-Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society]] in [[London]], [[Jessie Street]], wrote to Andrews about the Council's plans to bring Australia’s treatment of its Aboriginal population to the attention of the United Nations.<ref name=nma></ref>
Duguid had a very high opinion of the work done by the Council for Aboriginal Rights, considering them the most important activist body in the 1950s.<ref name=nma/>
Following the [[Warburton Ranges controversy]] in 1957, CAR was a founding member of the [[Federal Council for Aboriginal Advancement]] (FCAA, later FCAATSI), with representatives at the Adelaide meeting on 16 February 1958 which marked the founding of the first body which represented Aboriginal interests nationally. With the FCAA headquarters in Melbourne, CAR would often take on projects upon request by Davey, who was FCAA secretary.<ref name=nma/>
In 1957 [[Barry Christophers]] became president after Baynes' resignation. Doug Nicholls and Stan Davey wished to focus more on the welfare needs of [[Aboriginal Victorians]], so Andrews encouraged them to establish a new organisation; this would become the [[Victorian Aborigines Advancement League]] (VAAL), established in 1957 (now Aboriginal Advancement League). Both organisations remained affiliated with the FCAA. [[ASIO]] became interested in the organisation as several of the office bearers were members of the [[Communist Party of Australia]], and it was during the [[Cold War]] years.<ref name=caradb/>
In 1961 [[Pauline Pickford]] took over the position of honorary secretary from Andrews. Pickford's presence brought in more Aboriginal Victorians, including [[Laurie Moffatt]] from [[Lake Tyers]], sister of [[Joe McGinness]]' sister Margaret Edwards, and Nicholls and [[Bill Onus]] were all active during the 1960s. After involvement with a case concerning the [[Cape Bedford Mission]] at [[Hopevale, Queensland|Hope Vale]] in [[Queensland]] in 1961, Pickford retained close ties with [[Gladys O'Shane]], president of the [[Cairns Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Advancement League]] and other activists from far north Queensland, such as McGinness and [[Evelyn Scott (activist)|Evelyn Scott]].<ref name=caradb/>
==1970s–1980s==
In 1973 FCAATSI became an Indigenous-controlled body, and the [[Whitlam Labor government]] set up the [[National Aboriginal Consultative Committee]] in the same year, and helped to fund new organisations such as [[ATSILS|Aboriginal legal services]] and Aboriginal health services. CAR continued to support Indigenous enterprises, but its earlier sense of purpose had diminished. There is no evidence in the organisation's files, held in the [[State Library of Victoria]], of an exact date when it ceased to function, but its activities appear to have come to an end in the mid-1980s.<ref name=caradb/>
==References==
[[Category:Indigenous rights organizations]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Victoria (Australia)]]
[[Category:Organisations serving Indigenous Australians]]
[[Category:Indigenous Australian politics]]
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