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Friedrich Schilling (mathematician)

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[[File:Friedrich Schilling.jpg|thumb|<center>Friedrich Schilling</center>]]
'''Friedrich Georg Schilling''' (9 April 1868, [[Hildesheim]] – 25 May 1950, [[Gladbeck]]) was a German mathematician.

==Biography==
From 1887 Schilling studied mathematics at the [[University of Freiburg]] and the [[University of Göttingen]], where he received his doctorate in 1893. His doctoral thesis ''Beiträge zur geometrischen Theorie der Schwarzschen s-Funktion'' (Contributions to the geometric theory of the Schwarz s-function) was supervised by [[Felix Klein]]. At the University of Göttingen, Schilling was from 1891 to 1893 an assistant for the physical model and instrument collection. He habilitated in 1896 in Aachen and was, from August 1897 to April 1899, an adjunct professor ([[Academic ranks in Germany|''außerplanmäßiger Professor'']]) at the [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]. From 1899 he was an adjunct professor at the University of Göttingen, where he taught [[descriptive geometry]] and oversaw the collection of mathematical equipment. In 1904 he became a professor at the [[Gdańsk University of Technology|TH Danzig]], where he was rector from 1917 to 1919. He retired in 1936.

In his dissertation, he developed a new interpretation of the formulas of [[spherical trigonometry]] as a relationship between the invariants of three quadratic forms and their functional determinants.<ref>[https://ift.tt/3ej2dli Schilling: ''Über die geometrische Bedeutung der Formeln der sphärischen Trigonometrie im Falle complexer Argumente'' (On the geometric meaning of the formulas of spherical trigonometry in the case of complex arguments), ''Math. Annalen'', vol. 39, 1891, p. 598 (same as the article in ''Nachrichten Göttinger Akad. Wiss.'', 1891)], presented in more detail in: [https://ift.tt/30YPmAV Friedrich Schilling: ''Beiträge zur geometrischen Theorie der Schwarzschen s-Funktion'', ''Mathematische Annalen'', vol. 44, 1894, p.&nbsp;161]</ref> Schilling's theory was presented by Felix Klein in his lectures on [[hypergeometric function]]s.

Schilling also did research on [[Reuleaux tetrahedron|Reuleaux tetrahedra]].

He took notes on and edited the lectures on higher geometry by Felix Klein from 1892/93, which were initially distributed in [[autographed]] form. In 1926 Felix Klein's book ''Vorlesungen über nichteuklidische Geometrie'' (Lectures on non-Euclidean geometry) was published posthumously by Springer Verlag.<ref></ref> Schilling himself wrote several books on non-Euclidean geometry, which were strongly influenced by his geometric intuition. Felix Klein and Friedrich Schilling also designed geometric models that were manufactured by the Martin Schilling company in Leipzig.<ref>Felix Klein mentions an involute/cycloid gear model in his ''Elementarmathematik vom höheren Standpunkt'' (Elementary mathematics from a higher point of view), Vol. 2, Springer, p. 125.</ref><ref name="Snyder1904"></ref>

In 1927 Friedrich Schilling was president of the ''[[Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung]]''. In November 1933, he signed the [[Vow of allegiance of the Professors of the German Universities and High-Schools to Adolf Hitler and the National Socialistic State|''Bekenntnis der Professoren an den deutschen Universitäten und Hochschulen zu Adolf Hitler'']].<ref>[https://ift.tt/30SC9JO ''Bekenntnis der Professoren an den deutschen Universitäten und Hochschulen zu Adolf Hitler'', p. 132]</ref>

==Selected publications==
*[https://ift.tt/2Vb1meX ''Über die Anwendungen der darstellenden Geometrie insbesondere über die Photogrammetrie. Mit einem Anhang: Welche Vorteile gewährt die Benützung eines Projektionsapparates im mathematischen Unterricht''], Teubner 1904
*[https://ift.tt/37ILrJB F. Schilling: ''Bildende Kunst und Geometrie'', Jahresbericht DMV 1918]
*''Projektive und nichteuklidische Geometrie'', Leipzig 1931<ref name="Emch1931"></ref>
*''Die Pseudosphäre und die nichteuklidische Geometrie'', 2 vols., Teubner 1931, 1935 (See [[pseudosphere]].)
*''Pseudosphärische, Elliptisch-sphärische und Hyperbolisch-sphärische Geometrie'', Teubner 1937

==Sources==
*''Beiträge und Dokumente zur Geschichte der Technischen Hochschule Danzig 1904–1945'', Hannover 1979
*brief biography in

==References==
<references/>



[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1950 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century German mathematicians]]
[[Category:21st-century German mathematicians]]
[[Category:Differential geometers]]
[[Category:University of Göttingen alumni]]
[[Category:RWTH Aachen University alumni]]
[[Category:Gdańsk University of Technology faculty]]


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