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[[File:Mendonça Furtado.jpg|thumb|right|Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado]]
'''Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado''' (1701–1769) was a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[soldier]], [[Colonialism|colonial administrator]] and [[secretary of state]] whose major achievements included the extension of Portugal's [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas|colonial settlement in South America]] westward along the [[Amazon basin]] and the carrying out of economic and social reforms according to policies established in Lisbon.
==Biography==
===Childhood===
Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado was born in [[Mercês (Lisbon)|Mercês, Lisbon]] on 9 October 1701 and baptised in the Chapel of our Lady of Mercy (Portuguese: Capela de Nossa Senhora das Mercês) on 12 October of the same year. His father was Manuel de Carvalho e Ataíde<ref>[[:pt:Manuel de Carvalho e Ataíde|Manuel de Carvalho e Ataíde]] (in Portuguese).</ref>, a member of Portugal's armed forces and a genealogist, and his mother was Teresa Luisa de Mendonça e Melo.
One of twelve children, his most significant siblings were Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo who became King [[Joseph I of Portugal|José I]]'s Secretary of State of Internal Affairs and was elevated by the king in 1769 to the title by which he is most often referred, [[Marquis of Pombal (title)|Marquis of Pombal]] (Portuguese: ''Marquês de Pombal''), and [[Paulo António de Carvalho e Mendonça]], a member of Lisbon's clergy who became Inquisitor-General of the [[Inquisition]] for the period 1760–1770.
Details of his education or other activities preceding his military service are not available.
===Military Service===
In 1735 Francisco Xavier de Mendonça followed his father's career and joined the armed services. In the following year he was despatched as part of a campaign to defend the Portuguese settlement of [[Colonia del Sacramento]] (Portuguese: ''Colónia do Sacramento'') from Spanish invasion in what is referred to as the [[Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)]]. The settlement was located on the northwestern shore of the [[Rio de la Plata]] in the [[Banda Oriental]] region, roughly equivalent to modern-day [[Uruguay]] and was established in 1680.
Its existence was predated by extensive struggles between Spain and Portugal regarding each empire's rightful ownership of [[History of Latin America|South American territory]]. In theory, the matter was resolved under the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] signed by both nations in 1492. Both to settle previous disputes and in anticipation of any further discoveries, the treaty made a delineation along a [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]] 370 [[League (unit)|leagues]] (or 1100 [[nautical mile]]s) west of the [[Cape Verde]] islands with Spain being entitled to lands to its west and those to the east being Portugal's. Observance of the treaty on the ground by both parties was another matter, due to a number of factors including the fact that the meridian line was never exactly expressed in terms of [[Longitude|longitudinal degrees]], and deliberate intrusion.
[[File:Map of Meridian Line set under the Treaty of Tordesillas.jpg|thumb|right|Map by Spanish chronicler, historian, and writer, [[Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas]] (1548–1625) showing the meridian established under the 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] to define land entitlements between Spain and Portugal.]]
On the South American continent, the treaty gave a tiny section to Portugal, then called "Land of the Holy Cross" (Portuguese: ''Terra da Santa Cruz'')which was to become part of modern-day [[Brazil]]. Colonia del Sacramento was officially to the west of the meridian and officially on Spanish territory. However, Spain had paid little attention to the area by that time and the Portuguese population in and around the town expanded rapidly and it was soon producing goods and resources of value to Portugal. Spain's interest emerged rapidly and part of its strategy was to place limits on Portugal's expansion in the Banda Oriental while control of Colonia del Sacramento passed backwards and forwards between the two empires. By the time of the 1735–1737 war, Spain had placed a naval blockade on the Rio de la Plata, but Portugal's massive movement of naval and military forces soon broke through and by the last year Colonia del Sacramento was back in Portugal's hands.
From that time until his government appointment in 1751 to a colonial administration, Francisco Xavier de Mendonça's movements are unclear, although one unreliable source says that he participated in "several relief missions to Brazil."<ref> Botelho, Diniz Henrique Ferreira. ''Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado - Amapá, Brazil''. Blogspot entry, 20 February 2014. [http://bit.ly/2AtSPJJ] Accessed 26 December 2018.</ref>
===Colonial Administration===
'''Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado''' (1701–1769) was a [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[soldier]], [[Colonialism|colonial administrator]] and [[secretary of state]] whose major achievements included the extension of Portugal's [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas|colonial settlement in South America]] westward along the [[Amazon basin]] and the carrying out of economic and social reforms according to policies established in Lisbon.
==Biography==
===Childhood===
Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado was born in [[Mercês (Lisbon)|Mercês, Lisbon]] on 9 October 1701 and baptised in the Chapel of our Lady of Mercy (Portuguese: Capela de Nossa Senhora das Mercês) on 12 October of the same year. His father was Manuel de Carvalho e Ataíde<ref>[[:pt:Manuel de Carvalho e Ataíde|Manuel de Carvalho e Ataíde]] (in Portuguese).</ref>, a member of Portugal's armed forces and a genealogist, and his mother was Teresa Luisa de Mendonça e Melo.
One of twelve children, his most significant siblings were Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo who became King [[Joseph I of Portugal|José I]]'s Secretary of State of Internal Affairs and was elevated by the king in 1769 to the title by which he is most often referred, [[Marquis of Pombal (title)|Marquis of Pombal]] (Portuguese: ''Marquês de Pombal''), and [[Paulo António de Carvalho e Mendonça]], a member of Lisbon's clergy who became Inquisitor-General of the [[Inquisition]] for the period 1760–1770.
Details of his education or other activities preceding his military service are not available.
===Military Service===
In 1735 Francisco Xavier de Mendonça followed his father's career and joined the armed services. In the following year he was despatched as part of a campaign to defend the Portuguese settlement of [[Colonia del Sacramento]] (Portuguese: ''Colónia do Sacramento'') from Spanish invasion in what is referred to as the [[Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737)]]. The settlement was located on the northwestern shore of the [[Rio de la Plata]] in the [[Banda Oriental]] region, roughly equivalent to modern-day [[Uruguay]] and was established in 1680.
Its existence was predated by extensive struggles between Spain and Portugal regarding each empire's rightful ownership of [[History of Latin America|South American territory]]. In theory, the matter was resolved under the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] signed by both nations in 1492. Both to settle previous disputes and in anticipation of any further discoveries, the treaty made a delineation along a [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]] 370 [[League (unit)|leagues]] (or 1100 [[nautical mile]]s) west of the [[Cape Verde]] islands with Spain being entitled to lands to its west and those to the east being Portugal's. Observance of the treaty on the ground by both parties was another matter, due to a number of factors including the fact that the meridian line was never exactly expressed in terms of [[Longitude|longitudinal degrees]], and deliberate intrusion.
[[File:Map of Meridian Line set under the Treaty of Tordesillas.jpg|thumb|right|Map by Spanish chronicler, historian, and writer, [[Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas]] (1548–1625) showing the meridian established under the 1494 [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] to define land entitlements between Spain and Portugal.]]
On the South American continent, the treaty gave a tiny section to Portugal, then called "Land of the Holy Cross" (Portuguese: ''Terra da Santa Cruz'')which was to become part of modern-day [[Brazil]]. Colonia del Sacramento was officially to the west of the meridian and officially on Spanish territory. However, Spain had paid little attention to the area by that time and the Portuguese population in and around the town expanded rapidly and it was soon producing goods and resources of value to Portugal. Spain's interest emerged rapidly and part of its strategy was to place limits on Portugal's expansion in the Banda Oriental while control of Colonia del Sacramento passed backwards and forwards between the two empires. By the time of the 1735–1737 war, Spain had placed a naval blockade on the Rio de la Plata, but Portugal's massive movement of naval and military forces soon broke through and by the last year Colonia del Sacramento was back in Portugal's hands.
From that time until his government appointment in 1751 to a colonial administration, Francisco Xavier de Mendonça's movements are unclear, although one unreliable source says that he participated in "several relief missions to Brazil."<ref> Botelho, Diniz Henrique Ferreira. ''Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado - Amapá, Brazil''. Blogspot entry, 20 February 2014. [http://bit.ly/2AtSPJJ] Accessed 26 December 2018.</ref>
===Colonial Administration===
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