ZiaLater:
[[File:CheInCongo1965.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CheInCongo1965.jpg|alt=|thumb|274x274px|[[Che Guevara]], holding a Congolese baby and standing with a fellow [[Afro-Cuban]] soldier in the [[Congo Crisis]], 1965]]Cuba has intervened in foreign countries on various occasions. The interventionist policies of Cuba and the various [[Proxy war|proxy wars]] on its behalf during the [[Cold War]] were controversial and resulted in isolation.<ref name="Revolution"></ref> Cuban leader [[Fidel Castro]] held power to militarily intervene in other countries that he perceived to be ruled by a tyrant or despot.<ref name="Revolution" /> Following the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1990 and facing the economic difficulties during the [[Special Period]], Cuba's methods of military intervention were severely affected.<ref name="Klepak3">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Cuba has instead adopted other methods of intervening in foreign territories.
== History ==
=== Cold War ===
During the Cold War, Cuba often positioned itself internationally by providing direct military assistance to those who shared the same ideology and to resistance movements<ref name="angulo"></ref> with at least 200,000 members of the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces|Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR)]] serving in foreign territories during the period.<ref name="Klepak2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Cuba perceived its interventions to be a method of directly combating the international influence of the [[United States]].<ref name="Hatzky"></ref> Cuba also sought to place its troops into international conflicts in order to build combat expertise among their ranks.<ref name="Klepak">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Informally, Cuba's ambitions of foreign military intervention began shortly after the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959, though it was officially adopted pronounced in 1966 by [[Fidel Castro]] at the [[Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa and Latin America]].<ref name="Revolution" /> Cuba often received military and logistical assistance from the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Warsaw Pact]] nations when participating in interventionist initiatives throughout [[Africa]] and [[Latin America]].<ref name="udlap">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==== Africa ====
[[File:Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG|alt=|left|thumb|250x250px|Cuban [[PT-76]] tank in the streets of [[Luanda|Luanda, Angola]], 1976.]]
The first official foreign deployment of Cuba's armed forces was in [[Algeria]] during the 1963 [[Sand War]].<ref name=":0">Gleijeses, Piero (2002). ''Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976''. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. .</ref> Hundreds of Cuban troops arrived in Algeria on 22 October 1963 upon request from Algerian president [[Ahmed Ben Bella]].<ref name=":0" /> Castro was convinced that the United States sought Ben Balla's overthrow and was determined to prevent this from happening.<ref name=":0" /> Under the command of [[Efigenio Ameijeiras]], Cuba deployed twenty-two [[T-34]] tanks, eighteen 120-mm mortars, a battery of [[57mm recoilless rifle|57-mm recoilless rifles]], anti-aircraft artillery with eighteen guns, and eighteen 122mm field guns with the crews to operate them.<ref name=":0" /> Castro sought to keep the operation covert in order to avoid international backlash, with many Cuban troops participating in the conflict wearing Algerian uniforms.<ref name=":0" /> However, French forces quickly discovered Cuban intervention and reported it to other governments.<ref name=":0" />
During the [[Congo Crisis]], Cuba intervened between 1964 and 1965 and provided hundreds of personnel to assist the [[Simba rebellion|Simbas]] with overthrowing the Congolese government.<ref name=":0" />
Cuba would also make contacts and provide military support to revolutionary movements during the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] beginning in the 1960s and into the 1970s.<ref>George, Edward, ''The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991'', New York: Frank Cass Publishing Co., (2005)</ref> Following the Congo Crisis, Cuba was supporting the [[African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde]] during the [[Guinea-Bissau War of Independence]].<ref>References:
*[https://ift.tt/2zDPV4q Cuba: Havana's Military Machine], the Atlantic, August 1988. "In Guinea-Bissau, Cuban combat units saw action, fighting with Amilcar Cabral's rebel army against Portuguese colonial rule."
*The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale, 2005. Page 354.</ref>[[File:Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG|alt=|thumb|218x218px|Cuban artillerymen in [[Ethiopia]] during the [[Ogaden War]], 1977.]]As the [[Angolan Civil War]] broke out, [[Cuban intervention in Angola]] was a large-scale intervention to support the [[People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)]]. Cuba had provided military support to MPLA since the early 1960s, while they combatted Portuguese forces and in 1963 provided military training to guerrillas in Algeria during the Sand War.<ref>George, pp. 22-23, 30</ref> In late-1974, Cuba sent Major Alfonso Perez Morales and Carlos Cadelo to assess the situation in Angola after receiving requests for military aid.<ref>Gleijeses, pp. 244-245 (Quotations from interview with Cadelo and from Cienfuegos to Senen Casas, Havana, 22 November 1974)</ref> As the [[South African Border War]] intensified and more foreign actors entered into the Angolan Civil War, Cuba grew more involved. On 3 August 1975, a second Cuban mission arrived and provided US$100,000 to the MPLA.<ref name="au24">George, p. 66</ref> By 15 August 1975, Castro had demanded that the USSR provide more assistance to the MPLA, though the demand was declined.<ref name="au32">Gleijeses quoting: Westad, Odd Arne in: Moscow and the Angolan Crisis 1974-76: A New Pattern of Intervention, ''Cold War International Project Bulletin'', n.8-9, p. 25</ref> Cuban troops began to depart for Angola on 21 August 1975; important personnel utilized commercial aircraft while standard troops were transported by cargo ships.<ref name="au242">George, p. 66</ref> On 4 November 1974, Castro launched ''[[Operation Carlota]],'' with Cuban special forces arriving in Angola shortly after on 9 November.<ref>George, pp. 77-78</ref> By the end on 1975, over 25,000 Cuban troops were deployed into Angola to assist the MPLA.<ref name="HT">[https://ift.tt/2PetPdL Cuba's African Adventure] by Clive Foss, History Today, Vol 60, Issue 3, March 2010</ref>
During the [[Ogaden War]] in which [[Somalia]] attempted to invade a [[Ethiopia]] affected by the [[Ethiopian Civil War]], Cuba deployed over 12,000 troops to assist the [[Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==== Latin America ====
One of the first foreign actions taken by Cuba only months after the revolution included an attempted coup in Panama on 24 April 1959.<ref name="Revolution3"></ref> The coup was repelled by members of the [[Panamanian National Guard]].<ref></ref>
During the [[Nicaraguan Revolution]], Cuba supplied military aid and logistics to [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] guerrillas.<ref name="brown.edu"></ref> Cuban military and intelligence personnel subsequently became incorporated into the ranks of Nicaragua's security services.<ref></ref>
Soon after taking following the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro sought to take advantage of relations with Venezuela and incorporate its oil wealth within Cuba and quickly began to make relations with Venezuela guerillas.<ref name="p98">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)<!--|accessdate=14 November 2015--></ref> President of Venezuela [[Rómulo Betancourt]] cut ties with Cuba in 1961 as part of the [[Betancourt Doctrine]], which saw Venezuela breaking relations with governments that came to power through non-democratic means.<ref>Ewell, Judith. ''Venezuela: A Century of Change'', p.145. Stanford University Press (1984), </ref> In July 1964, the [[Organization of American States]] sanctioned Cuba after a cache of weapons destined for the [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (Venezuela)|Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional]] was discovered on Venezuela's shores.<ref>Ewell, Judith. ''Venezuela and the United States: From Monroe's Hemisphere to Petroleum's Empire'', p.216. University of Georgia Press (1996), </ref> In May 1967, the [[Machurucuto Incident]] saw Cuban troops attempting to make their way into the Andes to train Venezuelan guerillas, but they were captured by the [[Venezuelan Army]] and [[Venezuelan National Guard|National Guard]].<ref>''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', 19 May 1967, [https://ift.tt/2zHX0Rz Latin America: Castro's Targets]</ref> Ties between Cuba and Venezuela resumed in 1974 after guerrilla activity decreased in Venezuela. When Cuba began to enter its [[Special Period]] which saw domestic economic collapse, it once again became motivated to take control of Venezuela's oil wealth.<ref name="DELFINcoro">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> In 1987, future Venezuelan president [[Nicolás Maduro]] moved to Venezuela<ref name="eltiempo.com">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> where he was trained by [[Pedro Miret Prieto]] ([[:es:Pedro Miret Prieto|es]]), a senior member of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba]] with direct links to Fidel Castro.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> When Maduro returned to Venezuela, he was allegedly tasked with serving as a Cuban [[Mole (espionage)|mole]] to infiltrate [[Hugo Chávez]]'s [[MBR-200]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Venezuelan intelligence had also later discovered that Cuban [[Dirección de Inteligencia]] agents remained in Venezuela following the second inauguration of [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]] and eventually escalated political tensions during the [[Caracazo]] riots in 1989.<ref name="DELFINcoro" />
==== Middle East ====
During the [[Yom Kippur War]] in October 1973, Cuba provided 4,000 troops into Syria to provide assistance on the attack against [[Israel]].<ref>[[Peter Bourne|Bourne, Peter G.]] (1986). ''Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro''. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company.</ref> Helicopters and tanks were also provided by the Cuban military.<ref name="Cuba">Perez, ''Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution'', pp. 377–379.</ref>
=== Post-Cold War ===
==== Latin America ====
[[File:World Festival of Youth and Students, Caracas in 2005 05.jpg|thumb|[[Hugo Chávez]] and [[Fidel Castro]] seen on a [[Bolivarian propaganda]] board]]
In Venezuela, Cuba has continued to be encouraged with intervening in Venezuela so the country can receive necessary commodities and other supplies, such as oil.<ref name=":1">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Still suffering from the effects of Cuba's Special Period, Castro built a relationship with emerging political figure [[Hugo Chávez]].<ref name="p982">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)<!--|accessdate=14 November 2015--></ref> During Chavez's [[1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts]], Castro was allegedly involved with the conspiracy and provided logistical assistance in order to establish a Venezuelan president as an ally.<ref name="ENHfeb2015">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> In 1994, Chávez and other rebels were pardoned by President [[Rafael Caldera]]<ref>[[Hugo Chávez#Mar07|Marcano and Tyszka 2007]]. pp. 107–08.</ref> an alleged accomplice of the 1992 coup attempts.<ref name="ENHfeb2015" /> Chávez was [[Venezuelan presidential election, 1998|elected president of Venezuela in 1998]] and a year later in 1999, he proclaimed that "Venezuela is traveling towards the same sea as the Cuban people", calling Cuba and Venezuela "one country united".<ref name="HCBR13"></ref> Following the [[2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt]], Chávez's grew even closer to the Cuban government in order to maintain power<ref name="STRATexpensive"></ref> and replaced military advisors with Cuban intelligence personnel.<ref name="p983">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)<!--|accessdate=14 November 2015--></ref> Chávez and Castro would now maintain the relationship of Venezuelan commodities traded for Cuban intelligence and logistics so both could maintain popularity.<ref name="STRATexpensive2"></ref> By 2010, former [[Major general|Major General]] Antonio Rivero stated that about 92,700 Cuban officials were operating in various offices of Venezuela's government<ref name=":1" /> with 2018 estimates placing about 46,000 members of the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]] within Venezuela to assist Chávez's successor, [[Nicolás Maduro]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== References ==
[[Category:Foreign intervention]]
== History ==
=== Cold War ===
During the Cold War, Cuba often positioned itself internationally by providing direct military assistance to those who shared the same ideology and to resistance movements<ref name="angulo"></ref> with at least 200,000 members of the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces|Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces (FAR)]] serving in foreign territories during the period.<ref name="Klepak2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Cuba perceived its interventions to be a method of directly combating the international influence of the [[United States]].<ref name="Hatzky"></ref> Cuba also sought to place its troops into international conflicts in order to build combat expertise among their ranks.<ref name="Klepak">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
Informally, Cuba's ambitions of foreign military intervention began shortly after the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959, though it was officially adopted pronounced in 1966 by [[Fidel Castro]] at the [[Organization of Solidarity with the People of Asia, Africa and Latin America]].<ref name="Revolution" /> Cuba often received military and logistical assistance from the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Warsaw Pact]] nations when participating in interventionist initiatives throughout [[Africa]] and [[Latin America]].<ref name="udlap">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==== Africa ====
[[File:Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cuban_PT-76_Angola.JPG|alt=|left|thumb|250x250px|Cuban [[PT-76]] tank in the streets of [[Luanda|Luanda, Angola]], 1976.]]
The first official foreign deployment of Cuba's armed forces was in [[Algeria]] during the 1963 [[Sand War]].<ref name=":0">Gleijeses, Piero (2002). ''Conflicting Missions: Havana, Washington, and Africa, 1959-1976''. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. .</ref> Hundreds of Cuban troops arrived in Algeria on 22 October 1963 upon request from Algerian president [[Ahmed Ben Bella]].<ref name=":0" /> Castro was convinced that the United States sought Ben Balla's overthrow and was determined to prevent this from happening.<ref name=":0" /> Under the command of [[Efigenio Ameijeiras]], Cuba deployed twenty-two [[T-34]] tanks, eighteen 120-mm mortars, a battery of [[57mm recoilless rifle|57-mm recoilless rifles]], anti-aircraft artillery with eighteen guns, and eighteen 122mm field guns with the crews to operate them.<ref name=":0" /> Castro sought to keep the operation covert in order to avoid international backlash, with many Cuban troops participating in the conflict wearing Algerian uniforms.<ref name=":0" /> However, French forces quickly discovered Cuban intervention and reported it to other governments.<ref name=":0" />
During the [[Congo Crisis]], Cuba intervened between 1964 and 1965 and provided hundreds of personnel to assist the [[Simba rebellion|Simbas]] with overthrowing the Congolese government.<ref name=":0" />
Cuba would also make contacts and provide military support to revolutionary movements during the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] beginning in the 1960s and into the 1970s.<ref>George, Edward, ''The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965–1991'', New York: Frank Cass Publishing Co., (2005)</ref> Following the Congo Crisis, Cuba was supporting the [[African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde]] during the [[Guinea-Bissau War of Independence]].<ref>References:
*[https://ift.tt/2zDPV4q Cuba: Havana's Military Machine], the Atlantic, August 1988. "In Guinea-Bissau, Cuban combat units saw action, fighting with Amilcar Cabral's rebel army against Portuguese colonial rule."
*The Cuban Intervention in Angola, 1965-1991: From Che Guevara to Cuito Cuanavale, 2005. Page 354.</ref>[[File:Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cubans_in_Ogaden1.JPG|alt=|thumb|218x218px|Cuban artillerymen in [[Ethiopia]] during the [[Ogaden War]], 1977.]]As the [[Angolan Civil War]] broke out, [[Cuban intervention in Angola]] was a large-scale intervention to support the [[People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA)]]. Cuba had provided military support to MPLA since the early 1960s, while they combatted Portuguese forces and in 1963 provided military training to guerrillas in Algeria during the Sand War.<ref>George, pp. 22-23, 30</ref> In late-1974, Cuba sent Major Alfonso Perez Morales and Carlos Cadelo to assess the situation in Angola after receiving requests for military aid.<ref>Gleijeses, pp. 244-245 (Quotations from interview with Cadelo and from Cienfuegos to Senen Casas, Havana, 22 November 1974)</ref> As the [[South African Border War]] intensified and more foreign actors entered into the Angolan Civil War, Cuba grew more involved. On 3 August 1975, a second Cuban mission arrived and provided US$100,000 to the MPLA.<ref name="au24">George, p. 66</ref> By 15 August 1975, Castro had demanded that the USSR provide more assistance to the MPLA, though the demand was declined.<ref name="au32">Gleijeses quoting: Westad, Odd Arne in: Moscow and the Angolan Crisis 1974-76: A New Pattern of Intervention, ''Cold War International Project Bulletin'', n.8-9, p. 25</ref> Cuban troops began to depart for Angola on 21 August 1975; important personnel utilized commercial aircraft while standard troops were transported by cargo ships.<ref name="au242">George, p. 66</ref> On 4 November 1974, Castro launched ''[[Operation Carlota]],'' with Cuban special forces arriving in Angola shortly after on 9 November.<ref>George, pp. 77-78</ref> By the end on 1975, over 25,000 Cuban troops were deployed into Angola to assist the MPLA.<ref name="HT">[https://ift.tt/2PetPdL Cuba's African Adventure] by Clive Foss, History Today, Vol 60, Issue 3, March 2010</ref>
During the [[Ogaden War]] in which [[Somalia]] attempted to invade a [[Ethiopia]] affected by the [[Ethiopian Civil War]], Cuba deployed over 12,000 troops to assist the [[Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==== Latin America ====
One of the first foreign actions taken by Cuba only months after the revolution included an attempted coup in Panama on 24 April 1959.<ref name="Revolution3"></ref> The coup was repelled by members of the [[Panamanian National Guard]].<ref></ref>
During the [[Nicaraguan Revolution]], Cuba supplied military aid and logistics to [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]] guerrillas.<ref name="brown.edu"></ref> Cuban military and intelligence personnel subsequently became incorporated into the ranks of Nicaragua's security services.<ref></ref>
Soon after taking following the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro sought to take advantage of relations with Venezuela and incorporate its oil wealth within Cuba and quickly began to make relations with Venezuela guerillas.<ref name="p98">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)<!--|accessdate=14 November 2015--></ref> President of Venezuela [[Rómulo Betancourt]] cut ties with Cuba in 1961 as part of the [[Betancourt Doctrine]], which saw Venezuela breaking relations with governments that came to power through non-democratic means.<ref>Ewell, Judith. ''Venezuela: A Century of Change'', p.145. Stanford University Press (1984), </ref> In July 1964, the [[Organization of American States]] sanctioned Cuba after a cache of weapons destined for the [[Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional (Venezuela)|Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional]] was discovered on Venezuela's shores.<ref>Ewell, Judith. ''Venezuela and the United States: From Monroe's Hemisphere to Petroleum's Empire'', p.216. University of Georgia Press (1996), </ref> In May 1967, the [[Machurucuto Incident]] saw Cuban troops attempting to make their way into the Andes to train Venezuelan guerillas, but they were captured by the [[Venezuelan Army]] and [[Venezuelan National Guard|National Guard]].<ref>''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', 19 May 1967, [https://ift.tt/2zHX0Rz Latin America: Castro's Targets]</ref> Ties between Cuba and Venezuela resumed in 1974 after guerrilla activity decreased in Venezuela. When Cuba began to enter its [[Special Period]] which saw domestic economic collapse, it once again became motivated to take control of Venezuela's oil wealth.<ref name="DELFINcoro">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> In 1987, future Venezuelan president [[Nicolás Maduro]] moved to Venezuela<ref name="eltiempo.com">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> where he was trained by [[Pedro Miret Prieto]] ([[:es:Pedro Miret Prieto|es]]), a senior member of the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Cuba]] with direct links to Fidel Castro.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> When Maduro returned to Venezuela, he was allegedly tasked with serving as a Cuban [[Mole (espionage)|mole]] to infiltrate [[Hugo Chávez]]'s [[MBR-200]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Venezuelan intelligence had also later discovered that Cuban [[Dirección de Inteligencia]] agents remained in Venezuela following the second inauguration of [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]] and eventually escalated political tensions during the [[Caracazo]] riots in 1989.<ref name="DELFINcoro" />
==== Middle East ====
During the [[Yom Kippur War]] in October 1973, Cuba provided 4,000 troops into Syria to provide assistance on the attack against [[Israel]].<ref>[[Peter Bourne|Bourne, Peter G.]] (1986). ''Fidel: A Biography of Fidel Castro''. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company.</ref> Helicopters and tanks were also provided by the Cuban military.<ref name="Cuba">Perez, ''Cuba: Between Reform and Revolution'', pp. 377–379.</ref>
=== Post-Cold War ===
==== Latin America ====
[[File:World Festival of Youth and Students, Caracas in 2005 05.jpg|thumb|[[Hugo Chávez]] and [[Fidel Castro]] seen on a [[Bolivarian propaganda]] board]]
In Venezuela, Cuba has continued to be encouraged with intervening in Venezuela so the country can receive necessary commodities and other supplies, such as oil.<ref name=":1">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Still suffering from the effects of Cuba's Special Period, Castro built a relationship with emerging political figure [[Hugo Chávez]].<ref name="p982">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)<!--|accessdate=14 November 2015--></ref> During Chavez's [[1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts]], Castro was allegedly involved with the conspiracy and provided logistical assistance in order to establish a Venezuelan president as an ally.<ref name="ENHfeb2015">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> In 1994, Chávez and other rebels were pardoned by President [[Rafael Caldera]]<ref>[[Hugo Chávez#Mar07|Marcano and Tyszka 2007]]. pp. 107–08.</ref> an alleged accomplice of the 1992 coup attempts.<ref name="ENHfeb2015" /> Chávez was [[Venezuelan presidential election, 1998|elected president of Venezuela in 1998]] and a year later in 1999, he proclaimed that "Venezuela is traveling towards the same sea as the Cuban people", calling Cuba and Venezuela "one country united".<ref name="HCBR13"></ref> Following the [[2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt]], Chávez's grew even closer to the Cuban government in order to maintain power<ref name="STRATexpensive"></ref> and replaced military advisors with Cuban intelligence personnel.<ref name="p983">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)<!--|accessdate=14 November 2015--></ref> Chávez and Castro would now maintain the relationship of Venezuelan commodities traded for Cuban intelligence and logistics so both could maintain popularity.<ref name="STRATexpensive2"></ref> By 2010, former [[Major general|Major General]] Antonio Rivero stated that about 92,700 Cuban officials were operating in various offices of Venezuela's government<ref name=":1" /> with 2018 estimates placing about 46,000 members of the [[Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces]] within Venezuela to assist Chávez's successor, [[Nicolás Maduro]].<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
== References ==
[[Category:Foreign intervention]]
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