Friday, October 16, 2020

List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Copenhagen

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[[File:KU frue plads.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KU%20frue%20plads.jpg|thumb|The main building of the [[University of Copenhagen]]. As of October 2020, 39 Nobel laureates have been associated with the university.]]
This '''list of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Copenhagen''' comprehensively shows the alumni, faculty members as well as researchers of the [[University of Copenhagen]] who were awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] or the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences]]. The Nobel Prizes, established by the 1895 will of [[Alfred Nobel]], are awarded to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]], [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]], [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]], and [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]].<ref></ref> An associated prize, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel (commonly known as the [[Nobel Prize in Economics]]), was instituted by Sweden's central bank, [[Sveriges Riksbank]], in 1968 and first awarded in 1969.<ref></ref>

As of October&nbsp;2020, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|39 Nobel laureates]] have been affiliated with the University of Copenhagen, and nine of them are officially listed by the university to have been "associated with the University of Copenhagen".<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Among the 39 laureates, 12 are Copenhagen alumni (graduates and attendees), and 8 have been long-term academic members of the university faculty or of its affiliated research organisations. Subject-wise, 19 laureates have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, more than any other subject. In particular, [[Linus Pauling]] received two Nobel Prizes: he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954 and the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962; since this is a list of laureates, not prizes, he is counted only once.

== Inclusion criteria ==

=== General rules ===
[[File:University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden 7.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University%20of%20Copenhagen%20Botanical%20Garden%207.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden|Botanical Garden of University of Copenhagen]].]]
The university affiliations in this list are all official academic affiliations such as degree programs and official academic employment. Non-academic affiliations such as advisory committee and administrative staff are generally excluded. The official academic affiliations fall into three categories: 1) Alumni (graduates and attendees), 2) Long-term Academic Staff, and 3) Short-term Academic Staff. Graduates are defined as those who hold [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's]], [[Master's degree|Master's]], [[Doctorate]], or equivalent degrees from the University of Copenhagen, while attendees are those who formally enrolled in a degree program at Copenhagen but did not complete the program; thus, honorary degrees, posthumous degrees, summer attendees, exchange students, and auditing students are excluded. The category of "Long-term Academic Staff" consists of [[Academic tenure|tenure]]/tenure-track and equivalent academic positions, while that of "Short-term Academic Staff" consists of lecturers (without tenure), [[postdoctoral researcher]]s (postdocs), visiting professors/scholars (visitors), and equivalent academic positions. At University of Copenhagen, the specific academic title solely determines the type of affiliation, regardless of the actual time the position was held by a laureate.

Further explanations on "visitors" under "Short-term Academic Staff" are presented as follows. 1) All informal or personal visits are excluded from the list; 2) all employment-based visiting positions, which carry teaching/research duties, are included as affiliations in the list; 3) as for award/honor-based visiting positions, to minimise controversy this list takes a conservative view and includes the positions as affiliations only if the laureates were required to assume employment-level duty (teaching/research) or the laureates specifically classified the visiting positions as "affiliation" or similar in reliable sources such as their [[Curriculum vitae|curriculum vita]]. In particular, attending meetings and giving public lectures, talks or non-curricular seminars at University of Copenhagen is not a form of employment-level duty. Finally, summer visitors are generally excluded from the list unless summer work yielded significant end products such as research publications and components of Nobel-winning work, since summer terms are not part of formal academic years.

=== Affiliated organisations ===
This list does not include Nobel-winning organisations or any individuals affiliated with those organisations. It also does not include affiliates of institutions that later merged and became part of the University of Copenhagen.

* Official academic affiliates of [[Niels Bohr Institute]] (Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics), known for the [[Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics]], are included in this list.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

== Summary ==
All types of affiliations, namely alumni, long-term and short-term academic staff, count equally in the following table and throughout the whole page.

In the following list, the number following a person's name is the year they received the prize; in particular, a number with asterisk (*) means the person received the award while they were working at the University of Copenhagen (including [[Emeritus|emeritus staff]]). <u>A name underlined</u> implies that this person has already been listed in a previous category (i.e., multiple affiliations).
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Alumni
!Long-term academic staff
!Short-term academic staff
|-
|'''Total''': 39
|12
|8
|26<!--Linus Pauling won two prizes. Do not count twice.-->
|-
|''Physics (19)''
|
# [[S. Chandrasekhar]] - 1983
# [[Steven Weinberg]] - 1979
# [[Aage Bohr]] - 1975
# [[Niels Bohr]] - 1922
|
# [[Aage Bohr|<u>Aage Bohr</u>]] - 1975*
# [[Werner Heisenberg]] - 1932
# [[Niels Bohr|<u>Niels Bohr</u>]] - 1922*
|
# [[Andre Geim]] - 2010
# [[David Gross]] - 2004
# [[Sheldon Glashow]] - 1979
# [[Nevill Mott]] - 1977
# [[Ben Mottelson]] - 1975
# [[John Schrieffer]] - 1972
# [[Hans Bethe]] - 1967
# [[Lev Landau]] - 1962
# [[Donald Glaser]] - 1960
# [[Felix Bloch]] - 1952
# [[Wolfgang Pauli]] - 1945
# [[Isidor Rabi]] - 1944
# [[Paul Dirac]] - 1933
# [[Werner Heisenberg|<u>Werner Heisenberg</u>]] - 1932
# [[James Franck]] - 1925
|-
|''Chemistry (7)''
|
# [[Jens Skou]] - 1997
|
# [[George de Hevesy]] - 1943
|
# [[Walter Kohn]] - 1998
# [[Paul Berg]] - 1980
# [[Geoffrey Wilkinson]] - 1973
# [[Linus Pauling]] - 1954
# [[Harold Urey]] - 1934
|-
|''Physiology or Medicine (8)''
|
# [[Niels Jerne]] - 1984
# [[Henrik Dam]] - 1943
# [[Johannes Fibiger]] - 1926
# [[August Krogh]] - 1920
# [[Niels Finsen]] - 1903
|
# [[Henrik Dam|<u>Henrik Dam</u>]] - 1943
# [[Johannes Fibiger|<u>Johannes Fibiger</u>]] - 1926*
# [[August Krogh|<u>August Krogh</u>]] - 1920*
|
# [[Edward B. Lewis]] - 1995
# [[Max Delbrück]]- 1969
# [[James Watson]] - 1962
# [[Niels Finsen|<u>Niels Finsen</u>]] - 1903
|-
|''Economics (3)''
|
|
# [[Bertil Ohlin]] - 1977
|
# [[William Nordhaus]] - 2018
# [[Lawrence Klein]] - 1980
|-
|''Literature (2)''
|
# [[Johannes V. Jensen]] - 1944
# [[Karl Gjellerup]] - 1917
|
|
|-
|''Peace (1)''
|
|
|
# [[Linus Pauling|<u>Linus Pauling</u>]] - 1962
|}

== Nobel laureates by category ==

=== Nobel laureates in Physics ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name
!Year
!
|-
|19
|[[Andre Geim]]
|2010
|Postdoctoral Researcher (a period between 1991 and 1994)<ref name=":1172"></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|18
|[[David Gross]]
|2004
|Visiting Professor at the [[Niels Bohr Institute]] (April to June, 2013)<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|17
|[[S. Chandrasekhar]]
|1983
|Graduate attendee, Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics (1932-1933)<ref name=":1862"></ref><ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|16
|[[Steven Weinberg]]
|1979
|Graduate attendee, Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physic (1954-1955)<ref name="Weinberg3">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|15
|[[Sheldon Glashow]]
|1979
|Visiting Scientist at the Niels Bohr Institute (1964)<ref name=":195">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|14
|[[Nevill Mott]]
|1977
|Visiting researcher working with Niels Bohr, Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics<ref name=":203"></ref><ref></ref>
|-
|13
|[[Ben Mottelson]]
|1975
|Postdoctoral Researcher, Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics (1950-1953)<ref name=":208"></ref>
|-
|12
|[[Aage Bohr]]
|1975
|M.A, PhD; Professor<ref name=":2072"></ref>
|-
|11
|[[John Schrieffer]]
|1972
|[[National Science Foundation]] (NSF) Fellow (1958), postdoctoral work on [[superconductivity]]<ref name=":217"></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|10
|[[Hans Bethe]]
|1967
|Visiting Researcher (1978)<ref name=":224"></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|9
|[[Lev Landau]]
|1962
|Rockefeller Fellow, working with Niels Bohr (1929-1931)<ref name=":235"></ref><ref></ref>
|-
|8
|[[Donald Glaser]]
|1960
|Postdoctoral Fellow (one semester)<ref name=":239">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|7
|[[Felix Bloch]]
|1952
|Oersted Foundation Fellow, Copenhagen Institute for Theoretical Physics (1931-1932)<ref name=":254"></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|6
|[[Wolfgang Pauli]]
|1945
|Research Assistant, working with Niels Bohr (1922-1923)<ref name=":263"></ref><ref></ref>
|-
|5
|[[Isidor Rabi]]
|1944
|International Education Board Fellow, collaborating with Yoshio Nishina (1928-1929)<ref name=":264"></ref><ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Paul Dirac]]
|1933
|Postdoctoral Researcher, working with Niels Bohr (1926-1927)<ref name=":277"></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|3
|[[Werner Heisenberg]]
|1932
|Professor (1927-1941); Lecturer (1926-1927); Researcher (1924-1925)<ref name=":278"></ref>
|-
|2
|[[James Franck]]
|1925
|Guest Professor (1934-1935)<ref name=":288"></ref>
|-
|1
|[[Niels Bohr]]
|1922
|M.A, PhD; Professor<ref name=":293"></ref>
|}

=== Nobel laureates in Chemistry ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name
!Year
!
|-
|7
|[[Walter Kohn]]
|1998
|National Research Council Fellow (1950-1951) and Oersted Fellow (1951-1952)<ref name=":362"></ref>
|-
|6
|[[Jens Skou]]
|1997
|M.D<ref name=":367">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 2, expected 1)</ref>
|-
|5
|[[Paul Berg]]
|1980
|Postdoctoral Researcher at the university's Institute of Cytophysiology (1952-1953)<ref name=":402"></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
|-
|4
|[[Geoffrey Wilkinson]]
|1973
|Guggenheim Fellow working in the lab of Jannik Bjerrum (1954-1955)<ref name=":415"></ref>
|-
|3
|[[Linus Pauling]]
|1954
|Guggenheim Fellow, working with Niels Bohr (1927)<ref name=":105">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=":446"> Department of Chemistry|url=https://chemistry.stanford.edu/people/pauling|access-date=2018-01-28|website=chemistry.stanford.edu|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2
|[[George de Hevesy]]
|1943
|Professor<ref name=":464"></ref>
|-
|1
|[[Harold Urey]]
|1934
|American-Scandinavian Foundation Fellow (1923-1924)<ref name=":105" /><ref name=":477"></ref>
|}

=== Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name
!Year
!
|-
|8
|
|
|
|}

=== Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name
!Year
!
|-
|3
|
|
|
|}

=== Nobel laureates in Literature ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name
!Year
!
|-
|2
|
|
|
|}

=== Nobel Peace Prize laureates ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name
!Year
!
|-
|1
|
|
|
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation]]

== Notes ==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==


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