Monday, October 5, 2020

Jean de Vignay

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[[File:Jeanne de Bourgogne et Jean de Vignay.jpg|thumb|upright|Jean depicted as a monk translating Vincent of Beauvais for Queen Joan]]
'''Jean de Vignay''' (c. 1282/1285 – c. 1350) was a French monk and translator. He translated from [[Latin]] into [[Old French]] for the French court, and his works survive in many manuscripts.

==Life==
Some details of Jean's life can be gleaned from the additions he made to the chronicle of [[Primat of Saint-Denis]] for his translation. He was born in the [[Duchy of Normandy]], probably near [[Bayeux]].}} He had relatives in this area and was educated in the school at [[Le Molay-Littry|Molay Bacon]], where his cousin was a classmate. In August 1298, when his cousin was thirteen years old, he was a witness to a miracle of [[Louis IX of France|Saint Louis]] in the chapel of Saint Michael at Bayeux. If Jean was born between about 1282 and 1285, as seems likely from the date of schooling, his father must have been quite old at his birth, since he also records that his father witnessed a miracle at the time Saint Louis returned from the [[Seventh Crusade]] in 1254. Jean records another miracle that took place in the chapel of Saint Michael in 1302—a drowned child was revived on the altar of Saint Louis—although he does not say if he witnessed it himself.

Jean is described in many manuscripts as a [[:wikt:hospitaller|hospitaller]] of the [[Order of Saint James of Altopascio]], serving at the [[Saint-Jacques-du-Haut-Pas|hospital of Saint-Jacques]] in [[Paris]]. He is depicted in many [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniatures]] as a monk and wearing the insignia of his order, a [[tau cross]]. A reference he makes to the [[Place Maubert]] confirms that he was familiar with Paris.

The date of his death is unknown. His precisely last datable work was executed in 1333, but he certainly produced translations after that. His death has been placed in 1348, but without any basis. Lenora Wolfgang places it around 1350.

==Works==
[[File:Jean_de_Vignay.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Jean, erroneously depicted as a [[Knight Hospitaller]], working on his ''Livre des eschez'']]
Jean made at least twelve translations from Latin into Old French, eleven of which survive. They are all preserved in sumptuously [[illuminated manuscript]]s made for the French court under King [[Philip VI of France|Philip VI]] (1328–1350) and Queen [[Joan the Lame|Joan]] and under [[John II of France|John II]] (1350–1364). Jean's knowledge of Latin was only basic and his mostly very literal translations do not make for easy reading.

Christine Knowles distinguishes sharply between the last four surviving translations and the rest. These—''Jeu des échecs'', ''Miroir de l'Église'', ''Enseignements'' and ''Chronique''—are different in style. For the last two, the original Latin works are lost and we have only the French translation of Jean. For the first two, a comparison with the Latin versions shows that he has omitted parts, added to others and reworded in a way wholly unfamiliar to his other translations. Knowles assigns all four of these works to a later period than the rest. Jean's lost translation is known only from a catalogue of the library of [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]] made in 1423. It lists a prose version of the ''[[Alexander Romance]]'' translated by Jean de Vignay in 1341.

Jean's eleven surviving translations are:
#''De la chose de la chevalerie'', a translation of ''[[De re militari]]'' of [[Vegetius]]
#''Le Miroir historial'', a translation of the ''[[Speculum historiale]]'' of [[Vincent of Beauvais]]
#''Les Épitres et évangiles'', a translation of the canonical [[Epistles]] and [[Gospels]] from the [[Vulgate]]
#''La Légende dorée'', a translation of the ''[[Legenda aurea]]'' of [[James of Varagine]]
#''Le Directoire'', a translation of the anonymous ''[[Directorium ad faciendum passagium transmarinum]]''
#''Les merveilles de la Terre d'Outremer'', a translation of the ''Descriptio orientalium partium'' of [[Odoric of Pordenone]]
#''Les Oisivetz des emperieres'', a translation of the ''[[Otia imperialia]]'' of [[Gervase of Tilbury]]
#''Le Jeu des échecs moralisés''<!--(or ''Livre des eschez'')-->, a translation of the ''Liber super ludo scaccorum'' of [[James of Cessole]]
#''Le Miroir de l'Église'', a translation of the ''Speculum ecclesiae'' of [[Hugh of Saint-Cher]]
#''Les Enseignements ou ordenances pour un seigneur qui a guerres et grans gouvernement à faire'', a translation of a now lost treatise by Marquis [[Theodore I of Montferrat]]
#''La Chronique'', a translation of a now lost chronicle of [[Primat of Saint-Denis]]

==Notes==


==References==


==Bibliography==

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[[Category:1280s births]]
[[Category:14th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Order of Saint James of Altopascio]]
[[Category:Latin–French translators]]

[[de:Jean de Vignay]]
[[fr:Jean de Vignay]]


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