Yoshi Canopus:
[[File:Stone_route_at_Kansei_Temple.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The stone route reconstructed at Kansei Temple () in [[Otsu, Shiga]], [[Japan]]]]
The '''Stone routes''' ( = Kuruma-michi), also called the '''Vihicle stones''' ( = Kuruma-ishi), were a pair of stone-paved "[[Rail transport|rails]]" that were placed on the side of the three main [[highways]] leading to [[Kyoto City|Kyoto]], [[Japan]], so that the [[Bullock cart|oxcarts]] could ride on them during the [[18th century|18th]]-[[19th century]] latter half of the [[Edo period]].
==Overview==
[[Kyoto City|Kyoto]], the tradional capital of [[Japan]], was, unlike the other large Japanese cities such as [[Edo|Tokyo]] and [[Osaka City|Osaka]], in the interior of the land, and, therefore, was a place difficult to cart materials in. During the [[18th century|18th]]-[[19th century]] latter half of the [[Edo period]], the stone routes were placed on the side of the three main highways leading to Kyoto, so that [[bullock carts]] could ride on them, especially useful over the [[mountain passes]] when it rained and caused muddy conditions. The three highways were: the [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tokaido]], Takeda-Kaido ([[:ja:竹田街道|竹田街道]]) and Toba-Kaido ([[:ja:鳥羽街道|鳥羽街道]]). <ref name="kenkyu">[https://ift.tt/3ataX8W What Were the Vihicle Stones and Stone Routes (Association of Vehicle Stones and Stone Routes Research)] (in Japanese)</ref><ref>[https://ift.tt/3pu6G9n The Vihicle Stones That Helped Oxcarts Over the Mountain Passe (Hashirii Mochi Honpo)] (in Japanese)</ref>
A stone route was typically 2.7 meters (9 [[Shaku (unit)|shaku]]) wide, with the two rows of stones of 30 cm x 60 cm x 25 cm size on both sides and a 90 cm (3 shaku) wide center for the bulls to walk. When the [[railways]] were introduced in the 19th century, the vehicle stone were dismantled and used for other purposes and, therefore, they came to mean the stone routes.
In 2013, the Association of Vehicle Stones and Stone Routes Research () was established<ref>[https://ift.tt/3rZYfEn Association of Vehicle Stones and Stone Routes Research (in Japanese)]</ref>.
== See also ==
*[[Transport in Japan during the Edo period]] ([[:ja:日本の交通#江戸時代]])
== References ==
==External link==
*[http://kurumaishi.jp/ Association of Vehicle Stones and Stone Routes Research] (in Japanese)
*[https://ift.tt/3bbaqY9 The Exposition of Vihicle Stones --- Highway Maintenance of the Edo Period（The Otsu City Museum, 2012)] (in Japanese)
[[Category:Edo period]]
[[Category:History of Kyoto]]
[[Category:Ōtsu]]
[[Category:History of engineering]]
The '''Stone routes''' ( = Kuruma-michi), also called the '''Vihicle stones''' ( = Kuruma-ishi), were a pair of stone-paved "[[Rail transport|rails]]" that were placed on the side of the three main [[highways]] leading to [[Kyoto City|Kyoto]], [[Japan]], so that the [[Bullock cart|oxcarts]] could ride on them during the [[18th century|18th]]-[[19th century]] latter half of the [[Edo period]].
==Overview==
[[Kyoto City|Kyoto]], the tradional capital of [[Japan]], was, unlike the other large Japanese cities such as [[Edo|Tokyo]] and [[Osaka City|Osaka]], in the interior of the land, and, therefore, was a place difficult to cart materials in. During the [[18th century|18th]]-[[19th century]] latter half of the [[Edo period]], the stone routes were placed on the side of the three main highways leading to Kyoto, so that [[bullock carts]] could ride on them, especially useful over the [[mountain passes]] when it rained and caused muddy conditions. The three highways were: the [[Tōkaidō (road)|Tokaido]], Takeda-Kaido ([[:ja:竹田街道|竹田街道]]) and Toba-Kaido ([[:ja:鳥羽街道|鳥羽街道]]). <ref name="kenkyu">[https://ift.tt/3ataX8W What Were the Vihicle Stones and Stone Routes (Association of Vehicle Stones and Stone Routes Research)] (in Japanese)</ref><ref>[https://ift.tt/3pu6G9n The Vihicle Stones That Helped Oxcarts Over the Mountain Passe (Hashirii Mochi Honpo)] (in Japanese)</ref>
A stone route was typically 2.7 meters (9 [[Shaku (unit)|shaku]]) wide, with the two rows of stones of 30 cm x 60 cm x 25 cm size on both sides and a 90 cm (3 shaku) wide center for the bulls to walk. When the [[railways]] were introduced in the 19th century, the vehicle stone were dismantled and used for other purposes and, therefore, they came to mean the stone routes.
In 2013, the Association of Vehicle Stones and Stone Routes Research () was established<ref>[https://ift.tt/3rZYfEn Association of Vehicle Stones and Stone Routes Research (in Japanese)]</ref>.
== See also ==
*[[Transport in Japan during the Edo period]] ([[:ja:日本の交通#江戸時代]])
== References ==
==External link==
*[http://kurumaishi.jp/ Association of Vehicle Stones and Stone Routes Research] (in Japanese)
*[https://ift.tt/3bbaqY9 The Exposition of Vihicle Stones --- Highway Maintenance of the Edo Period（The Otsu City Museum, 2012)] (in Japanese)
[[Category:Edo period]]
[[Category:History of Kyoto]]
[[Category:Ōtsu]]
[[Category:History of engineering]]
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