Cordon sanitaire (politics)

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In politics, '''''cordon sanitaire''''' is the refusal to cooperate with certain political parties. Often this is because the targeted party has an ideology perceived as unacceptable or extremist.

===National politics===
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Beginning in the late 1980s, the term was introduced into the discourse on [[Parliament of Belgium|parliamentary]] politics by [[Belgian]] commentators. At that time, the [[far-right]] [[Flemish nationalist]] [[Vlaams Blok]] party began to make significant electoral gains. Because the Vlaams Blok was considered a [[racist]] group by many, the other Belgian political parties committed to exclude the party from any [[coalition government]], even if that forced the formation of [[grand coalition]] governments between [[political ideology|ideological]] rivals. Commentators dubbed this agreement Belgium's ''cordon sanitaire''. In 2004, its successor party, [[Vlaams Belang]] changed its [[party platform]] to allow it to comply with the law. While no formal new agreement has been signed against it, it nevertheless remains uncertain whether any mainstream Belgian party will enter into coalition talks with Vlaams Belang in the near future. Several members of various [[Flanders|Flemish]] parties have questioned the viability of the ''cordon sanitaire''.

With the electoral success of [[nationalist]] and [[extremist]] parties on the [[Left-wing politics|left]] and [[Right-wing politics|right]] in recent European history, the term has been transferred to agreements similar to the one struck in Belgium:
* In [[Italy]], the [[Italian Communist Party]] and [[Italian Social Movement]] were excluded from [[Christian Democracy (Italy)|Christian democrats]]-led coalition governments during the [[Cold War]]. The end of the Cold War along with the ''[[Tangentopoli]]'' scandal and ''[[Mani pulite]]'' investigation resulted in [[History of the Italian Republic#The Second Republic (1992–present)|a dramatic]] [[political realignment]].
* After [[German reunification]], [[East Germany]]'s former ruling party, the [[Socialist Unity Party of Germany]] (''Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands,'' or SED), reinvented itself first (in 1990) as the [[The Left Party (Germany)|Party of Democratic Socialism]] (PDS) and then (in 2005 before the elections) as the [[Left Party (Germany)|Left Party]], in order to merge with the new group [[Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative|WASG]] that had emerged in the West. In the years following 1990, the other German political parties have consistently refused to consider forming a coalition with the PDS/Left Party on a federal level (which was possible in 2005 and 2013), while on [[States of Germany|state]] levels, so-called red-red coalitions with the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] were formed (or red-red-[[Alliance '90/The Greens|green]]). The term ''cordon sanitaire'', though, is quite uncommon in Germany for coalition considerations. A strict political non-cooperation (in which The Left would participate, should the instance ever arise) is only exercised against right-wing parties, such as [[The Republicans (Germany)|the Republicans]], and even the Republicans have exercised a cordon against the neo-Nazi [[National Democratic Party of Germany|National Democrats]]. Since 2013, the established major parties have refused to form state-level coalitions with the new right-wing populist party [[Alternative for Germany|AfD]].
* In the [[Netherlands]], a parliamentary ''cordon sanitaire'' was put around the [[Centre Party (Netherlands)|Centre Party]] (Centrumpartij, CP) and later on the [[Centre Democrats (Netherlands)|Centre Democrats]] (Centrumdemocraten, CD), ostracising their leader [[Hans Janmaat]]. During the [[2010 Dutch cabinet formation|2010 Cabinet formation]], [[Geert Wilders]]' [[Party for Freedom]] (Partij voor de Vrijheid, PVV) charged other parties of plotting a ''cordon sanitaire''; however, there never was any agreement between the other parties on ignoring the PVV. Indeed, the PVV was floated several times as a potential coalition member by several ''[[formateur#Informateur|informateurs]]'' throughout the government formation process, and the final [[minority government|minority]] coalition under [[Mark Rutte]] between Rutte's [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]] and the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] was officially "condoned" by the PVV. The coalition collapsed after PVV withdrew its support in 2012. Since then, all major parties refuse to cooperate with PVV.
* Some (though not all) of the [[Non-Inscrits]] members of the [[European Parliament]] are unaffiliated because they are considered to lie too far on the right of the political spectrum to be acceptable to any of the [[European Parliament party groups]]Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2).
* In [[France]], the policy of non-cooperation with [[Front National (France)|Front National]], together with the [[majoritarian]] [[two-round system|two-round]] electoral system, leads to the permanent underrepresentation of the FN in the [[National Assembly of France|National Assembly]]. For instance, the FN won no seats out of 577 in the [[2002 French legislative election|2002 elections]], despite receiving 11.3% of votes in the first round, as no FN candidates won a first-round majority and few even qualified (either by winning at least 12.5% of the local vote with 25% turnout or by being one of the top two finishers with less) to go on to the second round. In the [[2002 French presidential election|2002 presidential election]], after the Front National candidate [[Jean-Marie Le Pen]] unexpectedly defeated Lionel Jospin in the first round, the traditionally ideologically-opposed Socialist Party encouraged its voters to vote for [[Jacques Chirac]] in the second round, preferring anyone to Le Pen. In [[2017 French presidential election|2017]], his daughter and party successor [[Marine Le Pen]] reached the second round of the presidential election; both the Socialist Party and Republicans encouraged votes for her opponent [[Emmanuel Macron]].
* In the [[Czech Republic]], the [[Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia|Communist Party]] is effectively excluded from any possible coalition because of a strong [[anti-Communist]] presence in most political parties, including the [[Czech Social Democratic Party|Social Democrats]]. Also a ''cordon sanitaire'' was put around the [[Republicans of Miroslav Sládek]], when they were active in the [[Czech Parliament|Parliament]] (1992–1998). When any of its members was set to speak, other deputies would leave the [[Chamber of Deputies (Czech Republic)|Chamber of Deputies]].
* In [[Estonia]] and [[Latvia]], "[[Russians in the Baltic states|Russian-speaking]]" parties ([[Latvian Russian Union|LKS]] and [[Social Democratic Party "Harmony"|Harmony]] in Latvia, and the [[Constitution Party (Estonia)|Constitution Party]] and [[Estonian Centre Party|Centre Party]] in Estonia) had been excluded from participation in ruling coalitions at a national level until leadership change. Differing interpretations of the Soviet period from 1940–1990 and attitudes towards the current Russian government and [[United Russia]] are often cited as reasons to conclude coalition talks with other parties, even if said parties are perceived to be on the [[Radical right (Europe)|radical right]]. The ''cordon'' is not absolute; the Centre Party has briefly participated in two coalition governments in 1995 and 2002–2003. In 2016 [[Jüri Ratas]] of Centre became [[Prime Minister of Estonia]], effectively ending any cordon around the party.
* In [[Spain]], groups such as the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]], have been sometimes excluded from any government coalition in [[Catalonia]].<ref></ref>
* In [[Sweden]], the political parties in the [[Riksdag]] have adopted a policy of non-cooperation with the [[Sweden Democrats]]. However, there have been exceptions where local politicians have supported resolutions from SD.
* In [[Canada]], resistance to the formation of coalition governments among left-of-center parties has often been attributed to an unwillingness to be seen as collaborating with the [[Bloc Québécois]], which advocates for the [[independence of Quebec]].
* In the [[United Kingdom]], the far-right [[British National Party]] is completely ostracised by the political mainstream. Prominent politicians, including former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] and [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] leader [[David Cameron]], have been known to urge electors to vote for candidates from any party except the BNP.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> The [[eurosceptic]] [[United Kingdom Independence Party]] has categorically refused even limited cooperation with the BNP.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Although the party has never held more than 60 of the some 22,000 elected positions in local government, it is generally agreed by all parties that the BNP should be excluded from any coalition agreement on [[No overall control|those councils where no single party has a majority]]. When two BNP candidates were elected to the [[European Parliament]] at the [[2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|2009 election]], the UK Government announced that it would provide them both with only the bare minimum level of support, denying them the ready access to officials and information that the other 70 British MEPs received.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
*In [[Slovenia]] liberal, centre-left and left-wing parties led by [[List of Marjan Šarec|LMŠ]] leader and later Prime Minister [[Marjan Šarec]] declared de facto ''cordon sanitaire'' and excluded [[Slovenian Democratic Party]] (SDS) from coalition negotiations following the [[2018 Slovenian parliamentary election|2018 parliamentary election]], due to its xenophobic and divisive rhetoric and policy, which was based primarily on the opposition to illegal migrations and the discreditation of political opponents. Same parties also claimed that SDS was illegally financed by foreign donations via its media (mostly capital from Hungarian companies close to [[Viktor Orbán|Viktor Orban]], with whom SDS closely cooperates) and by loans from foreign national Dijana Đuđić, who personally financed the party with almost half million €. SDS won the election but all parties from centre to left wing rejected its invitation to start negotiations.<ref></ref>
*All of the political groups declared ''cordon sanitaire'' on far-right [[Identity and Democracy]] group in the [[Ninth European Parliament]].<ref></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
====Former====
* In [[Norway]], all the parliamentary parties had consistently refused to formally join into a governing coalition at state level with the right-wing [[Progress Party (Norway)|Progress Party]] until 2013 when the [[Conservative Party of Norway|Conservative Party]] did so. In some municipalities however, the Progress Party cooperates with many parties, including the center-left [[Norwegian Labour Party|Labour Party]].<ref>"[https://ift.tt/30257pl – Nulltoleranse mot Frp-samarbeid]", Arbeiderpartiet Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
* In [[Israel]], between 1984 and 1988 all other [[Knesset|MK]]s boycotted the speeches of [[Kach and Kahane Chai|Kach]] leader [[Meir Kahane]], to the point that they would even leave the Knesset restaurant whenever Kahane appeared. This process ended in 1988, when Kach was banned from participating in the upcoming [[1988 Israeli legislative election|election]].
==References==

==Further reading==
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[[Category:Political terminology]]
[[Category:Political metaphors]]
[[Category:French words and phrases]]

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