Mikael Häggström: of
A '''focal lung pneumatosis''' is a pocket of air ([[pneumatosis]]) in the [[parenchyma]] of the [[lungs]].
A focal volume of air in the lung parenchyma that is larger than alveoli can be classified by its wall thickness:
*A '''bleb''' or '''bulla''' has a wall thickness of less than 1 mm<ref name=Radiopaedia></ref>
*A '''cyst''' has a wall thickness of up to 4 mm.<ref name=Radiopaedia/> A minimum wall thickness of 1 mm has been suggested,<ref name=Radiopaedia/> but thin-walled pockets may be included in the definition as well.<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"></ref>
*A '''cavity''' has a wall thickness of more than 4 mm
The terms above, when referring to other sites than the lungs, often imply fluid content.
Lung blebs or cysts are seen in about 8% of the general population, with an increased prevalence in older people.<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/> They may be part of the aging changes of the lungs, and cause a slight decrease in their [[Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide|diffusing capacity]].<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/>
==Bleb or bulla==
[[File:Alpha 1-antitrypsine deficiency lung CT scan.JPEG|thumb|[[CT scan]] of the lung showing bullae in the lower lung lobes of a subject with type [[alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency]]. There is also increased lung density in areas with compression of lung tissue by the bullae.]]
The most common disease causing blebs or bullae is [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD).<ref name=Medscape> Updated: Feb 21, 2019</ref> The pathophysiologic process in this case is ''emphysema'', which is the breakdown of the walls of the [[pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]].
Other conditions associated with lung bullae are:
*[[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]]<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[Marfan syndrome]]<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes]]<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[Cocaine]] smoking<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[HIV/AIDS]]<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[Intravenous]] [[substance abuse]]<ref name=Medscape/>
==Cyst==
[[File:CT of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia.jpg|thumb|[[CT scan]] of [[lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia]].]]
[[File:HRCT of cysts of pneumocystis pneumonia.jpg|thumb|[[CT scan]] of multiple lung cysts in [[pneumocystis pneumonia]].]]
The presence of multiple pulmonary cysts may indicate a need to evaluate the possibility of cystic lung diseases.<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/> Cystic lung diseases include:
*[[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]] (LCH)<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/>
*[[Lymphangioleiomyomatosis]] (LAM)<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/>
*[[Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia]] (LIP)<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/>
*[[Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome]]<ref name="Ferreira FranciscoSoares Souza2015"></ref>
*[[Pneumocystis pneumonia|''Pneumocystis'' pneumonia]]<ref name="Ferreira FranciscoSoares Souza2015"/>
*[[Amyloidosis]]<ref name="Ferreira FranciscoSoares Souza2015"/>
*[[Light chain deposition disease]]<ref name="Ferreira FranciscoSoares Souza2015"/>
*[[Lung metastases]] rarely cause multiple cystic lung lesions. This form of presentation has been described in metastatic [[sarcoma]]s.<ref name="Ferreira FranciscoSoares Souza2015"/>
==Incidental blebs and cysts==
A focal lung pneumatosis that is an [[incidental imaging finding]] such as on a [[CT scan]], without suspicious findings (such as findings indicating any of the diseases listed above), generally does not indicate further follow-up.<ref name="BeddyBabar2010"></ref>
==Cavity==
Two diseases that are commonly associated with cavities of lung tissue are [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]] and [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]. The formation of cavities is due to tissue [[necrosis]] and creates an environment that allows the pathogen to expand in numbers and spread further.<ref name="Gadkowski">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==References==
A focal volume of air in the lung parenchyma that is larger than alveoli can be classified by its wall thickness:
*A '''bleb''' or '''bulla''' has a wall thickness of less than 1 mm<ref name=Radiopaedia></ref>
*A '''cyst''' has a wall thickness of up to 4 mm.<ref name=Radiopaedia/> A minimum wall thickness of 1 mm has been suggested,<ref name=Radiopaedia/> but thin-walled pockets may be included in the definition as well.<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"></ref>
*A '''cavity''' has a wall thickness of more than 4 mm
The terms above, when referring to other sites than the lungs, often imply fluid content.
Lung blebs or cysts are seen in about 8% of the general population, with an increased prevalence in older people.<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/> They may be part of the aging changes of the lungs, and cause a slight decrease in their [[Diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide|diffusing capacity]].<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/>
==Bleb or bulla==
[[File:Alpha 1-antitrypsine deficiency lung CT scan.JPEG|thumb|[[CT scan]] of the lung showing bullae in the lower lung lobes of a subject with type [[alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency]]. There is also increased lung density in areas with compression of lung tissue by the bullae.]]
The most common disease causing blebs or bullae is [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD).<ref name=Medscape> Updated: Feb 21, 2019</ref> The pathophysiologic process in this case is ''emphysema'', which is the breakdown of the walls of the [[pulmonary alveolus|alveoli]].
Other conditions associated with lung bullae are:
*[[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency]]<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[Marfan syndrome]]<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes]]<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[Cocaine]] smoking<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[Sarcoidosis]]<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[HIV/AIDS]]<ref name=Medscape/>
*[[Intravenous]] [[substance abuse]]<ref name=Medscape/>
==Cyst==
[[File:CT of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia.jpg|thumb|[[CT scan]] of [[lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia]].]]
[[File:HRCT of cysts of pneumocystis pneumonia.jpg|thumb|[[CT scan]] of multiple lung cysts in [[pneumocystis pneumonia]].]]
The presence of multiple pulmonary cysts may indicate a need to evaluate the possibility of cystic lung diseases.<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/> Cystic lung diseases include:
*[[Langerhans cell histiocytosis]] (LCH)<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/>
*[[Lymphangioleiomyomatosis]] (LAM)<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/>
*[[Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia]] (LIP)<ref name="ArakiNishino2015"/>
*[[Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome]]<ref name="Ferreira FranciscoSoares Souza2015"></ref>
*[[Pneumocystis pneumonia|''Pneumocystis'' pneumonia]]<ref name="Ferreira FranciscoSoares Souza2015"/>
*[[Amyloidosis]]<ref name="Ferreira FranciscoSoares Souza2015"/>
*[[Light chain deposition disease]]<ref name="Ferreira FranciscoSoares Souza2015"/>
*[[Lung metastases]] rarely cause multiple cystic lung lesions. This form of presentation has been described in metastatic [[sarcoma]]s.<ref name="Ferreira FranciscoSoares Souza2015"/>
==Incidental blebs and cysts==
A focal lung pneumatosis that is an [[incidental imaging finding]] such as on a [[CT scan]], without suspicious findings (such as findings indicating any of the diseases listed above), generally does not indicate further follow-up.<ref name="BeddyBabar2010"></ref>
==Cavity==
Two diseases that are commonly associated with cavities of lung tissue are [[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]] and [[Klebsiella pneumoniae]]. The formation of cavities is due to tissue [[necrosis]] and creates an environment that allows the pathogen to expand in numbers and spread further.<ref name="Gadkowski">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref>
==References==
from Wikipedia - New pages [en] http://bit.ly/2Wm9Puk
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