Dentalanthropology: Created a page specifically for tertiary dentin
Tertiary dentin (including reparative dentin or sclerotic dentin) forms as a reaction to stimulation, including [[Tooth decay|caries]], [[Tooth wear|wear]] and [[Enamel fracture|fractures]].<ref name=":0"></ref> Tertiary dentin is therefore a mechanism for a tooth to ‘heal’, with new material formation protecting the [[Pulp (tooth)|pulp chamber]] and ultimately therefore protects the tooth and individual against abscesses and infection. This form of dentine can be easily distinguished on the surface of a tooth, and is much darker in appearance compared to primary dentine.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Tertiary dentine will often not be visible on the surface of a tooth, but because it is more dense it can be viewed on a [[Micro-CT|Micro-CT scan]] of the tooth.<ref></ref>
[[File:Tertiary dentin.jpg|thumb|Tertiary dentin on the surface of a gorilla tooth. The darker area indicated by the white arrow is tertiary dentin and has formed as a response to tooth wear.]]
Tertiary dentine comes in two types, reactionary, where dentin is formed from a pre-existing odontoblast, and reparative, where newly differentiated odontoblast-like cells are formed due to the death of the original odontoblasts, from a pulpal [[progenitor cell]].<ref name=":1"></ref> Tertiary dentin is only formed by an odontoblast directly affected by a stimulus; therefore, the architecture and structure depend on the intensity and duration of the stimulus, e.g., if the stimulus is a carious lesion, there is extensive destruction of dentin and damage to the pulp, due to the differentiation of bacterial metabolites and toxins. Thus, tertiary dentin is deposited rapidly, with a sparse and irregular tubular pattern and some cellular inclusions; in this case, it is referred to as "osteodentin". Osteodentin is seen in Vit.A deficiency during development. However, if the stimulus is less active, it is laid down less rapidly with a more regular tubular pattern and hardly any cellular inclusions.<ref name=":1" />
Wear on the surface of a tooth can lead to the exposure of the underlying dentine. When wear is severe tertiary dentine may form to help protect the pulp chamber.<ref></ref> Frequency of tertiary dentin in different species of primate suggests teeth 'heal' at different rates in different species.<ref name=":2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Gorillas have a high rate of tertiary dentin formation, with over 90% of worn teeth showing tertiary dentine.<ref name=":2" /> [[Hominini|Hominins]] have a much lower rate of tertiary dentin formation, with around 15% of teeth that have dentin exposed through wear showing tertiary dentin formation.<ref name=":2" /> Chimpanzees have rates in between gorillas and humans, with 47% of worn teeth showing ‘healing’.
Clinical studies have researched the properties of tertiary dentine formation, including anatomy in both humans and animal models, usually from an oral health perspective.<ref name=":3">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Genetic changes in animal models can increase tertiary dentine production.<ref name=":3" /> This suggests certain species may have evolved to produce tertiary dentin in response to dietary changes. For example, gorillas may have evolved high rates of tertiary dentin as protection against severe wear, since they consume a lot of tough vegetation.<ref name=":0" />
== References ==
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[[File:Tertiary dentin.jpg|thumb|Tertiary dentin on the surface of a gorilla tooth. The darker area indicated by the white arrow is tertiary dentin and has formed as a response to tooth wear.]]
Tertiary dentine comes in two types, reactionary, where dentin is formed from a pre-existing odontoblast, and reparative, where newly differentiated odontoblast-like cells are formed due to the death of the original odontoblasts, from a pulpal [[progenitor cell]].<ref name=":1"></ref> Tertiary dentin is only formed by an odontoblast directly affected by a stimulus; therefore, the architecture and structure depend on the intensity and duration of the stimulus, e.g., if the stimulus is a carious lesion, there is extensive destruction of dentin and damage to the pulp, due to the differentiation of bacterial metabolites and toxins. Thus, tertiary dentin is deposited rapidly, with a sparse and irregular tubular pattern and some cellular inclusions; in this case, it is referred to as "osteodentin". Osteodentin is seen in Vit.A deficiency during development. However, if the stimulus is less active, it is laid down less rapidly with a more regular tubular pattern and hardly any cellular inclusions.<ref name=":1" />
Wear on the surface of a tooth can lead to the exposure of the underlying dentine. When wear is severe tertiary dentine may form to help protect the pulp chamber.<ref></ref> Frequency of tertiary dentin in different species of primate suggests teeth 'heal' at different rates in different species.<ref name=":2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Gorillas have a high rate of tertiary dentin formation, with over 90% of worn teeth showing tertiary dentine.<ref name=":2" /> [[Hominini|Hominins]] have a much lower rate of tertiary dentin formation, with around 15% of teeth that have dentin exposed through wear showing tertiary dentin formation.<ref name=":2" /> Chimpanzees have rates in between gorillas and humans, with 47% of worn teeth showing ‘healing’.
Clinical studies have researched the properties of tertiary dentine formation, including anatomy in both humans and animal models, usually from an oral health perspective.<ref name=":3">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (1 for 2)</ref> Genetic changes in animal models can increase tertiary dentine production.<ref name=":3" /> This suggests certain species may have evolved to produce tertiary dentin in response to dietary changes. For example, gorillas may have evolved high rates of tertiary dentin as protection against severe wear, since they consume a lot of tough vegetation.<ref name=":0" />
== References ==
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