Happiest student: move contents from Taishō Democracy as suggested.
'''Taishō democracy(Taisho Democracy)''' is a universal trend across the political, economic, and cultural fields that began roughly after the [[Russo-Japanese War]] and continued until the end of the [[Taishō]] period in Japan. This is most evident in the field of politics, famously represented by the Taishō Democracy Movement ('''大正デモクラシー運動)''' and the establishment of the Seitō Naikaku Sei ('''政党内閣制)'''([[Representative democracy]] in which the party with a majority in parliament organizes the cabinet). It is said that the term "Taishō Democracy" has been widely used since the book "The History of Taishō Democracy(Taisho Demokurashii Shi)" written by [[Shinobu Seizaburō]]. However, there are some who argue that the term "Taishō Democracy" should not be used as a historical category for the reason that "Taishō", the name of the era during which Yoshihito served as emperor, should not be used as a historical category, should not be used as a historical category and that the name "democracy" does not fit the content of the term.<ref></ref><ref name=":0"></ref>
== Summary ==
=== Establishment ===
There are several debates as to when Taishō Democracy started and when it ended because historians have different views of what is the most important events of Taishō Democracy.
One of these theories is centered on the Taishō Democracy Movement ('''大正デモクラシー運動)'''
* From [[1905]], when the movement against the [[Treaty of Portsmouth|Russo-Japanese War Peace Treaty]] was launched, to [[1925]], when the [[Proletarian parties in Japan, 1925–32|proletarian parties]] were established for a system of [[universal suffrage]].
Also, If the focus is on the political party cabinet system (Seitō Naikaku Sei '''政党内閣制)''', then
* The period from 1918, when the [[Hara Takashi|Hara]] Cabinet was formed, to the [[May 15 Incident]] ([[1932]]).<ref name=":0" />
Many articles agree that the beginning of Taishō Democracy is the movement against the peace treaty of the Russo-Japanese War. As for when it ended, there are a variety of opinions such as "The end of Taishō period ([[1926]])" theory, the "[[Mukden Incident]]([[1931]])" theory, the "[[May 15 Incident]]([[1932]])" theory.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
By encompassing all of the theories, it can be said that the period of "Taisho democracy" is from the [[Hibiya incendiary incident]] ([[1905]]) to the [[May 15 Incident]] ([[1932]]), and it is about 27 years.
=== Key Events ===
There are many theories about the timing of the Taishō Democracy, but many historians agree that the following events are crucial to Taishō Democracy.
First of all, there was the Russo-Japanese War peace treaty protest movement and the Hibiya incendiary incident that accompanied it. The movement grew across the country and gradually exposed the people's dissatisfaction with their government. That movement has gradually become the Movement to Protect Constitutional Government and [[Taishō political crisis]](大正政変) happened. This was the first instance of a popular movementtrying to replace the cabinet, and the [[Katsura Tarō|Katsura]] cabinet was collapsed only 53 days after its formation. [[Rice riots of 1918|The rice riots of 1918]](米騒動) and the establishment of the [[Hara Takashi|Hara]] Cabinet are considered to be a major milestone in Taisho democracy. When the rice riots subsided, the universal suffrage movement(普選運動) was in full swing and became a nationwide political movement. The [[General Election Law|general election law]]（普通選挙法) was enacted under the subsequent cabinet of [[Katō Takaaki|Takaaki Kato]](加藤高明). In 1932, [[Rikken Seiyūkai]](政友会), [[Kenseikai]](憲政会) [[Kakushin Club]](革新倶楽部) has launched a campaign to overthrow [[Kiyoura Keigo]]'s cabinet Started, it is called the Second Constitutional Movement(第二次護憲運動).
== Background ==
=== Minpon Shugi ===
[[Minpon Shugi]] is one form of democracy that the political scientist Yoshino Sakuzo put forward in "On the meaning of constitutional government and the method by which it can be perfected" (Kensei no hongi o woite sono yushu no bi o seisu notto o ronzu). According to this thesis, Minpon Shugi is that "policy decisions" should be based on the wishes of the general public, the policies should be decided by public and people's opinion. In this thesis, democracy is meant as a means, not an end, of politics. In other words, not "civilianism" as a policy or end, but as a process or means of policy-making. He emphasized that This could be a major basis for arguing for a party cabinet system in Taisho democracy. In his view, Yoshino Sakuzo's "Minpon Shugi" was not only political, but also included a personality-oriented ideology. This is an idea that conceives of the individual as a goal and gives absolute dignity to the individual. Because it aims at the perfection of human character, it makes "elections" as a political activity the electorate's superior character. It was an important place to make moral judgments. This idea of Minpon Shugi had a great impact on the peasant and social movements in Japan at that time.<ref></ref>
=== National discontent during the war ===
The Russo-Japanese War cast a heavy shadow over Japan's finances. Japan used foreign debt to start the war. It is said that the reason why Japan barely won was because the Russian government preserved its main force for fear of revolution. Japan was plagued by Russian [[Machine gun|machine guns]] and had covered all over with the wounds. The peace treaty that offered by U.S. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] achieved "more than expected," said a government-leaning newspaper at the time.<ref></ref>
On the other hand, the public reaction was the exact opposite. The people had sacrificed a great deal for the Russo-Japanese War. The government imposed higher taxes on the citizens to pay for the war, and the peasants had to pay most of their profits in taxes. The tax also dealt a blow to small and medium-sized businesses, and even during the war, the nation's silk cloth manufacturers' associations, wholesale brokers representatives of the union and the retail trade association came to Tokyo to oppose it. The same behavior was also observed for the salt monopoly.<ref></ref> Thus, dissatisfaction with the war grew from rural areas across the country to urban areas.
== Timeline ==
=== During the Russo-Japanese War ===
The people grow frustrated with the heavy tax for the war.
=== The movement against the treaty of Portsmouth ===
The Taishō democracy is said to have originated from the movement against the peace treaty between Japan and Russia in September 1905. Initially, the movement's slogan was "against the treaty," and it was accompanied by a "demand to overthrow the Katsura's cabinet." However, its goal gradually shifted to the overthrow of the cabinet. Its idea was "imperialism on the outside and constitutionalism on the inside," and it spread to a nationwide urban people's movement.
=== The rice riots and Hara cabinet ===
In the summer of 1918, the rice riots that engulfed all of Japan for a month became the trigger, political party cabinet was created. Newspapers, speaking for the people, united in their criticism of the [[Terauchi Masatake|Terauchi]] Cabinet. As a result, Hara Takashi was nominated to Prime Minister, and the first political cabinet emerged.
== See also ==
* Keishichi Hirasawa (平澤計七)
* Senji Yamamoto (山本宣治)
* [[Takiji Kobayashi]] (小林多喜二)
* [[Hiratsuka Raichō]] (平塚らいてう)
* [[Itō Noe]] (伊藤野枝)
* [[Women's suffrage|Woman's suffrage]] (女性参政権)
* [[Minpon Shugi]] (民本主義)
* 普選運動
== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
https://ift.tt/3iEJwe3
https://ift.tt/2Z3Sbiw
== Summary ==
=== Establishment ===
There are several debates as to when Taishō Democracy started and when it ended because historians have different views of what is the most important events of Taishō Democracy.
One of these theories is centered on the Taishō Democracy Movement ('''大正デモクラシー運動)'''
* From [[1905]], when the movement against the [[Treaty of Portsmouth|Russo-Japanese War Peace Treaty]] was launched, to [[1925]], when the [[Proletarian parties in Japan, 1925–32|proletarian parties]] were established for a system of [[universal suffrage]].
Also, If the focus is on the political party cabinet system (Seitō Naikaku Sei '''政党内閣制)''', then
* The period from 1918, when the [[Hara Takashi|Hara]] Cabinet was formed, to the [[May 15 Incident]] ([[1932]]).<ref name=":0" />
Many articles agree that the beginning of Taishō Democracy is the movement against the peace treaty of the Russo-Japanese War. As for when it ended, there are a variety of opinions such as "The end of Taishō period ([[1926]])" theory, the "[[Mukden Incident]]([[1931]])" theory, the "[[May 15 Incident]]([[1932]])" theory.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
By encompassing all of the theories, it can be said that the period of "Taisho democracy" is from the [[Hibiya incendiary incident]] ([[1905]]) to the [[May 15 Incident]] ([[1932]]), and it is about 27 years.
=== Key Events ===
There are many theories about the timing of the Taishō Democracy, but many historians agree that the following events are crucial to Taishō Democracy.
First of all, there was the Russo-Japanese War peace treaty protest movement and the Hibiya incendiary incident that accompanied it. The movement grew across the country and gradually exposed the people's dissatisfaction with their government. That movement has gradually become the Movement to Protect Constitutional Government and [[Taishō political crisis]](大正政変) happened. This was the first instance of a popular movementtrying to replace the cabinet, and the [[Katsura Tarō|Katsura]] cabinet was collapsed only 53 days after its formation. [[Rice riots of 1918|The rice riots of 1918]](米騒動) and the establishment of the [[Hara Takashi|Hara]] Cabinet are considered to be a major milestone in Taisho democracy. When the rice riots subsided, the universal suffrage movement(普選運動) was in full swing and became a nationwide political movement. The [[General Election Law|general election law]]（普通選挙法) was enacted under the subsequent cabinet of [[Katō Takaaki|Takaaki Kato]](加藤高明). In 1932, [[Rikken Seiyūkai]](政友会), [[Kenseikai]](憲政会) [[Kakushin Club]](革新倶楽部) has launched a campaign to overthrow [[Kiyoura Keigo]]'s cabinet Started, it is called the Second Constitutional Movement(第二次護憲運動).
== Background ==
=== Minpon Shugi ===
[[Minpon Shugi]] is one form of democracy that the political scientist Yoshino Sakuzo put forward in "On the meaning of constitutional government and the method by which it can be perfected" (Kensei no hongi o woite sono yushu no bi o seisu notto o ronzu). According to this thesis, Minpon Shugi is that "policy decisions" should be based on the wishes of the general public, the policies should be decided by public and people's opinion. In this thesis, democracy is meant as a means, not an end, of politics. In other words, not "civilianism" as a policy or end, but as a process or means of policy-making. He emphasized that This could be a major basis for arguing for a party cabinet system in Taisho democracy. In his view, Yoshino Sakuzo's "Minpon Shugi" was not only political, but also included a personality-oriented ideology. This is an idea that conceives of the individual as a goal and gives absolute dignity to the individual. Because it aims at the perfection of human character, it makes "elections" as a political activity the electorate's superior character. It was an important place to make moral judgments. This idea of Minpon Shugi had a great impact on the peasant and social movements in Japan at that time.<ref></ref>
=== National discontent during the war ===
The Russo-Japanese War cast a heavy shadow over Japan's finances. Japan used foreign debt to start the war. It is said that the reason why Japan barely won was because the Russian government preserved its main force for fear of revolution. Japan was plagued by Russian [[Machine gun|machine guns]] and had covered all over with the wounds. The peace treaty that offered by U.S. [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] achieved "more than expected," said a government-leaning newspaper at the time.<ref></ref>
On the other hand, the public reaction was the exact opposite. The people had sacrificed a great deal for the Russo-Japanese War. The government imposed higher taxes on the citizens to pay for the war, and the peasants had to pay most of their profits in taxes. The tax also dealt a blow to small and medium-sized businesses, and even during the war, the nation's silk cloth manufacturers' associations, wholesale brokers representatives of the union and the retail trade association came to Tokyo to oppose it. The same behavior was also observed for the salt monopoly.<ref></ref> Thus, dissatisfaction with the war grew from rural areas across the country to urban areas.
== Timeline ==
=== During the Russo-Japanese War ===
The people grow frustrated with the heavy tax for the war.
=== The movement against the treaty of Portsmouth ===
The Taishō democracy is said to have originated from the movement against the peace treaty between Japan and Russia in September 1905. Initially, the movement's slogan was "against the treaty," and it was accompanied by a "demand to overthrow the Katsura's cabinet." However, its goal gradually shifted to the overthrow of the cabinet. Its idea was "imperialism on the outside and constitutionalism on the inside," and it spread to a nationwide urban people's movement.
=== The rice riots and Hara cabinet ===
In the summer of 1918, the rice riots that engulfed all of Japan for a month became the trigger, political party cabinet was created. Newspapers, speaking for the people, united in their criticism of the [[Terauchi Masatake|Terauchi]] Cabinet. As a result, Hara Takashi was nominated to Prime Minister, and the first political cabinet emerged.
== See also ==
* Keishichi Hirasawa (平澤計七)
* Senji Yamamoto (山本宣治)
* [[Takiji Kobayashi]] (小林多喜二)
* [[Hiratsuka Raichō]] (平塚らいてう)
* [[Itō Noe]] (伊藤野枝)
* [[Women's suffrage|Woman's suffrage]] (女性参政権)
* [[Minpon Shugi]] (民本主義)
* 普選運動
== References ==
<references />
== External links ==
https://ift.tt/3iEJwe3
https://ift.tt/2Z3Sbiw
from Wikipedia - New pages [en] https://ift.tt/38Gay0k
via IFTTT
No comments:
Post a Comment