Elie plus: /* Historical background */ expansion
[[File:Debbane Palace.jpg|thumb|The gate to Qasr Debbane viewed from the old Saida souk.]]
'''Qasr Debbane''' (Dar Ali Agha al-Hammoud, Dar Debbané) is an 18th-century grand mansion in the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] city of [[Sidon]].
== History ==
=== Historical background ===
During the 15th-century reign of [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Sultan Mehmed II]], the Ottomans introduced the ''[[Iltizam]]'' tax-farming system in which a ''mültezim'' was responsible for collecting revenue from a [[Muqata'ah|''mukataa'']], a parcel of land owned by the Ottoman crown.<ref name="Murat 1996, p.141>Murat 1996, p.141</ref> The term of an Iltizam ranged from one to 12 years.<ref name="Murat 1996, p.140>Murat 1996, p.140</ref> In 1695, the ''Iltizam'' was superseded by the ''[[Malikâne]]'' system where tax-farming contracts were granted for life, a tenant could give the tax-farm to an heir if the treasury agreed.<ref name="Barnes 1987, p.67-68">Barnes 1987, p.67-68</ref> Under both systems, revenue collecting rights were awarded to the highest bidder who could keep profits after sending a portion back to the central government.<ref name="Murat 1996, p.140>Murat 1996, p.140</ref>
[[Ottoman Ayan|''Ayan'']], a class of local notables or dynasts<u>,</u> developed into the chief owners of these rights. They were more efficient than the governors in the preceding ''[[Timar]]'' system at sending money back to the center and their local nature gave them more knowledge of the region's politics and a vested interest in its success.<ref name="Piterberg 1990, pp.284-285>Piterberg 1990, pp.284-285</ref>
=== The Hammud ayan and their building activity ===
The Hammoud ayan, who had been the tax-collectors of the port city of Sidon since the early 18th century, benefited from the 1695 fiscal reform that granted them lifelong [[Malikâne]]. The family that had moved to the city in the 16th or 17th century now rose in political power and accumulated enormous wealth.<ref name="Weber 2010, p.217">Weber 2010, p.217</ref> Before the "age of Ayan", urban development was the privilege of foreign Ottoman officials; the Hammouds were prime among other Sidonian notables to sponsor large-scale urban development projects including the construction of mosques, public ''[[Turkish bath|hammams]]'', ''[[Caravanserai|khans]]'' and schools among other buildings.<ref name="Weber 2010, p.217, 222">Weber 2010, p.217, 222</ref>>.<ref name="Weber and Sluglett 2010, pp.225-237">Weber and Sluglett 2010, pp.225-237</ref> Mustafa [[Kethüda|Katkhuda]], a Hammud notable of the first half of the 17th century was the first to leave material architectural proof of the family's involvement in urban development.<ref name="Weber 2010, p.217">Weber 2010, p.217</ref> Katkhuda commissioned Sidon's Kikhiya mosque in 1634-1645.<ref name="Weber 2010, p.222">Weber 2010, p.222</ref>
In the early 18th century, Mustafa Agha al-Hammud was the first Hammoud to be identified in written records. A prolific builder, he was unfavorably mentioned in several French consular reports dating from when his buildings were being constructed. In addition to his building activity, he was involved in the restoration of other estates in his capacity as ''mutawalli'' of ''[[waqf]]<nowiki/>s,'' a caretaker of a plot or a building owned by an Islamic charitable trust. Mustafa died around 1721, at that time he was no longer mentioned in consular reports.<ref name="Weber 2010, pp.217-218">Weber 2010, pp.217-218</ref> Among his patromage, was Mustafa's commission of the city's Hammam al-Jadid [the new public bath house] and the enlargement of the Bahri mosque.<ref name="Weber 2010, p.222">Weber 2010, p.222</ref>
=== Ali Agha al-Hammoud ===
The family's building activity is continued by Mustapha's son Ali Agha Hammoud. Ali took office as Sidon's tax farmer to the Ottoman crown around the late 1710s until circa 1735; Ali was, like Mustafa a ''waqf'' trustee. .<ref name="Weber 2010, pp.219-220">Weber 2010, pp.219-220</ref> He commissioned two of the cities most prestigious private residences, a ''[[qasr]]'' that is now known as Qasr Debbane, and a mansion knows as Madrasat al-Aisha [Aisha school]. His public commissions include the Khan al-Hummus and Hammam al-Ward [Rose public bath]. <ref name="Weber 2010, p.235">Weber 2010, p.235</ref>
=== Waning influence ===
In the late 1730s, Ahmad al-Hammud inherited the public functions of his father Ali. Ahmad ran into many cases litigation and financial problems in addition as not being in good terms with the Ottoman governor of Sidon. He was accused of making selling ''waqf'' properties to the French. In 1739 he was appointed ''mutassallim'' of Sidon [deputy governor] but later lost all his political influence and source of wealth with the rise to power of [[Zahir al-Umar]] in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. With Ahmad, the Hammoud's urban development activity completely ceased.<ref name="Weber 2010, pp.221-222">Weber 2010, pp.221-222</ref>
=== The Qasr and museum ===
Dar Ali Agha al-Hammoud was built in 1721 by Ali Agha al-Hammoud in the arabo-ottoman style in the eastern part of Sidon's ''[[Medina quarter|medina]].<ref name="Weber 2014, p.52">Weber 2014, p.52</ref><ref name="Diaz 2019">Diaz 2019</ref>'' A wall inscription above the door to the ''[[Qa'a (room)|qa'a]]'' [guestroom] dating form 1730-1731 (1143 Hijir) asserts that Ali Hammoud as the patron of the house. <ref name="Weber 2014, p.65">Weber 2014, p.65</ref> In 1871 city archives, the mansion is described as a [[Saray (building)|''saray'']] and in 1901 as ''Dar al-Hukuma al-Qadima'' [Old seat of the government] indicating that it was used at the time as a local Ottoman administrative building.<ref name="Weber 2014, p.65">Weber 2014, p.65</ref>
In 1856, the Sacy family acquired the ''haramlik'' [harem quarters], located at the eastern end of the mansion, as their private palace. The western part of the mansion, including the ''salamlik'' [ottoman reception hall] was bought 1859 by Asin Khalt, the wife of Youssef Debbané, a rich sericulturist and silk trader.<ref name="Diaz 2019">Diaz 2019</ref> The Dar was henceforth known as Qasr Debbané; it was the private residence of the Debbané family since 1859 until the early years of the [[Lebanese Civil War]] in 1976. During the war Sidon was shelled and the then owner, Mary Audi-Debbané moved to Beirut leaving the palace unattended. The palace was squatted by hundreds of Paletinian refugees who fled the conflict in the city of Tyr in February 1978. The palace was further damaged and ransacked by militiamen who squatted there in 1983.<ref name="Diaz 2019">Diaz 2019</ref>
The ''qasr'' was listed as a historical monument by the Lebanese ministry of culture in 1968; it was restored by the Debbané foundation in 2000 and turned into a museum in 2001.<ref name="Diaz 2019">Diaz 2019</ref>
== References ==
== Bibliography==
* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
[[Category:Palaces in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lebanon by city]]
[[Category:Museums in Lebanon]]
'''Qasr Debbane''' (Dar Ali Agha al-Hammoud, Dar Debbané) is an 18th-century grand mansion in the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] city of [[Sidon]].
== History ==
=== Historical background ===
During the 15th-century reign of [[Mehmed the Conqueror|Sultan Mehmed II]], the Ottomans introduced the ''[[Iltizam]]'' tax-farming system in which a ''mültezim'' was responsible for collecting revenue from a [[Muqata'ah|''mukataa'']], a parcel of land owned by the Ottoman crown.<ref name="Murat 1996, p.141>Murat 1996, p.141</ref> The term of an Iltizam ranged from one to 12 years.<ref name="Murat 1996, p.140>Murat 1996, p.140</ref> In 1695, the ''Iltizam'' was superseded by the ''[[Malikâne]]'' system where tax-farming contracts were granted for life, a tenant could give the tax-farm to an heir if the treasury agreed.<ref name="Barnes 1987, p.67-68">Barnes 1987, p.67-68</ref> Under both systems, revenue collecting rights were awarded to the highest bidder who could keep profits after sending a portion back to the central government.<ref name="Murat 1996, p.140>Murat 1996, p.140</ref>
[[Ottoman Ayan|''Ayan'']], a class of local notables or dynasts<u>,</u> developed into the chief owners of these rights. They were more efficient than the governors in the preceding ''[[Timar]]'' system at sending money back to the center and their local nature gave them more knowledge of the region's politics and a vested interest in its success.<ref name="Piterberg 1990, pp.284-285>Piterberg 1990, pp.284-285</ref>
=== The Hammud ayan and their building activity ===
The Hammoud ayan, who had been the tax-collectors of the port city of Sidon since the early 18th century, benefited from the 1695 fiscal reform that granted them lifelong [[Malikâne]]. The family that had moved to the city in the 16th or 17th century now rose in political power and accumulated enormous wealth.<ref name="Weber 2010, p.217">Weber 2010, p.217</ref> Before the "age of Ayan", urban development was the privilege of foreign Ottoman officials; the Hammouds were prime among other Sidonian notables to sponsor large-scale urban development projects including the construction of mosques, public ''[[Turkish bath|hammams]]'', ''[[Caravanserai|khans]]'' and schools among other buildings.<ref name="Weber 2010, p.217, 222">Weber 2010, p.217, 222</ref>>.<ref name="Weber and Sluglett 2010, pp.225-237">Weber and Sluglett 2010, pp.225-237</ref> Mustafa [[Kethüda|Katkhuda]], a Hammud notable of the first half of the 17th century was the first to leave material architectural proof of the family's involvement in urban development.<ref name="Weber 2010, p.217">Weber 2010, p.217</ref> Katkhuda commissioned Sidon's Kikhiya mosque in 1634-1645.<ref name="Weber 2010, p.222">Weber 2010, p.222</ref>
In the early 18th century, Mustafa Agha al-Hammud was the first Hammoud to be identified in written records. A prolific builder, he was unfavorably mentioned in several French consular reports dating from when his buildings were being constructed. In addition to his building activity, he was involved in the restoration of other estates in his capacity as ''mutawalli'' of ''[[waqf]]<nowiki/>s,'' a caretaker of a plot or a building owned by an Islamic charitable trust. Mustafa died around 1721, at that time he was no longer mentioned in consular reports.<ref name="Weber 2010, pp.217-218">Weber 2010, pp.217-218</ref> Among his patromage, was Mustafa's commission of the city's Hammam al-Jadid [the new public bath house] and the enlargement of the Bahri mosque.<ref name="Weber 2010, p.222">Weber 2010, p.222</ref>
=== Ali Agha al-Hammoud ===
The family's building activity is continued by Mustapha's son Ali Agha Hammoud. Ali took office as Sidon's tax farmer to the Ottoman crown around the late 1710s until circa 1735; Ali was, like Mustafa a ''waqf'' trustee. .<ref name="Weber 2010, pp.219-220">Weber 2010, pp.219-220</ref> He commissioned two of the cities most prestigious private residences, a ''[[qasr]]'' that is now known as Qasr Debbane, and a mansion knows as Madrasat al-Aisha [Aisha school]. His public commissions include the Khan al-Hummus and Hammam al-Ward [Rose public bath]. <ref name="Weber 2010, p.235">Weber 2010, p.235</ref>
=== Waning influence ===
In the late 1730s, Ahmad al-Hammud inherited the public functions of his father Ali. Ahmad ran into many cases litigation and financial problems in addition as not being in good terms with the Ottoman governor of Sidon. He was accused of making selling ''waqf'' properties to the French. In 1739 he was appointed ''mutassallim'' of Sidon [deputy governor] but later lost all his political influence and source of wealth with the rise to power of [[Zahir al-Umar]] in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. With Ahmad, the Hammoud's urban development activity completely ceased.<ref name="Weber 2010, pp.221-222">Weber 2010, pp.221-222</ref>
=== The Qasr and museum ===
Dar Ali Agha al-Hammoud was built in 1721 by Ali Agha al-Hammoud in the arabo-ottoman style in the eastern part of Sidon's ''[[Medina quarter|medina]].<ref name="Weber 2014, p.52">Weber 2014, p.52</ref><ref name="Diaz 2019">Diaz 2019</ref>'' A wall inscription above the door to the ''[[Qa'a (room)|qa'a]]'' [guestroom] dating form 1730-1731 (1143 Hijir) asserts that Ali Hammoud as the patron of the house. <ref name="Weber 2014, p.65">Weber 2014, p.65</ref> In 1871 city archives, the mansion is described as a [[Saray (building)|''saray'']] and in 1901 as ''Dar al-Hukuma al-Qadima'' [Old seat of the government] indicating that it was used at the time as a local Ottoman administrative building.<ref name="Weber 2014, p.65">Weber 2014, p.65</ref>
In 1856, the Sacy family acquired the ''haramlik'' [harem quarters], located at the eastern end of the mansion, as their private palace. The western part of the mansion, including the ''salamlik'' [ottoman reception hall] was bought 1859 by Asin Khalt, the wife of Youssef Debbané, a rich sericulturist and silk trader.<ref name="Diaz 2019">Diaz 2019</ref> The Dar was henceforth known as Qasr Debbané; it was the private residence of the Debbané family since 1859 until the early years of the [[Lebanese Civil War]] in 1976. During the war Sidon was shelled and the then owner, Mary Audi-Debbané moved to Beirut leaving the palace unattended. The palace was squatted by hundreds of Paletinian refugees who fled the conflict in the city of Tyr in February 1978. The palace was further damaged and ransacked by militiamen who squatted there in 1983.<ref name="Diaz 2019">Diaz 2019</ref>
The ''qasr'' was listed as a historical monument by the Lebanese ministry of culture in 1968; it was restored by the Debbané foundation in 2000 and turned into a museum in 2001.<ref name="Diaz 2019">Diaz 2019</ref>
== References ==
== Bibliography==
* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
* Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
[[Category:Palaces in Lebanon]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Lebanon by city]]
[[Category:Museums in Lebanon]]
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