Uluzzian

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[[File:Grotta di Fumane 3.jpg|thumbnail|right|Entrance to the Fumane Cave in the [[Province of Verona]] (photo:Thilo Parg, 2014).]]
The '''Uluzzian Culture''' is a transitional [[archaeological culture]] between the [[Middle paleolithic]] and the [[Upper Palaeolithic]], found in Italy and Greece.

It has been dated by Katerina Douka as lasting from 45,000–39,500 [[Before present|years before present (BP)]];<ref name=Chrono>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> sometimes the date range 45,000–37,000 is given, bringing the [[Campanian Ignimbrite eruption]] (37,330 BP) into the picture.

'''Geographical extent:''' In Italy: [[Apulia]] (the [[Grotta del Cavallo]] and the Uluzzo cave), [[Basilicata]], [[Campania]], [[Calabria]], [[Tuscany]], and [[Fumane]] (the northermost point).<ref>Peresani, M., 2012. Fifty thousand years of flint knapping and tool shaping across the Mousterian and Uluzzian sequence of Fumane cave. ''Quaternary International'' 247, 125–150</ref> Outside of Italy, only in [[Argolis|Argolis, Greece]] (the cave of Klissoura).<ref>"Klissoura cave" often appears in the literature, but the archaeologists themselves use the spelling "Klisoura" or the phrase "Cave 1 in Klisoura Gorge (Western Peloponnese)". Koumouzelis, M., Ginter, B., Koz1owski, J.K., Pawlikowski, M., Bar-Yosef, O., Albert, R.M., Litynska-Zajac, M., Stworzewicz, E., Wojtal, P., Lipecki, G., Tomek, T., Bochenski, Z.M., Pazdur, A., 2001. The early Upper Palaeolithic in Greece: the excavations in [[Klisoura]] cave. ''J. Archaeol. Sci.'' 28, 515–539. </ref>

==Discovery==
Excavations by 1963 Arturo Palma di Cesnola of the [[Grotta del Cavallo]] in [[Apulia]], southern Italy uncovered the first remains later called "Uluzzian". <ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

==Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition==
[[File:Stratigraphy Grotta di Fumane 5.jpg|thumbnail|right|Stratigraphy of deposits on the floor of the Fumane Cave (photo:Thilo Parg, 2014).]]
The Uluzzian is one of the techno-complexes considered to be "transitional assemblages": Uluzzian, [[Châtelperronian]], [[Szeletian]], and [[Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician]]. <ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>

The only human remains were two deciduous teeth (Cavallo B and Cavallo C) from the Uluzzian deposit of Grotta del Cavallo identified as human by (Benazzi et al., 2011). <ref name=Benazzi2011>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> These teeth are the oldest currently-known remains of modern humans in Europe.<ref name=Benazzi2011/>

==Culture==
The Uluzzians made and used beads from shells of marine molluscs such as [[Dentalium|scaphopods]], snails ([[Columbella rustica]], [[Cyclope neritea]]), and other species.<ref name=Chrono/>

==Reference==



==External links==



[[Category:Industries (lithics)]]
[[Category:Upper Paleolithic cultures of Europe]]
[[Category:Peopling of Europe]]
[[Category:Archaeology of Italy]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures in Italy]]

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