Javolena gens

P Aculeius: Article on the Javoleni.

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The '''gens Javolena''', occasionally found as '''Javolenia''', was a minor [[plebs|plebeian]] family at [[ancient Rome]]. Few members of this [[gens]] appear in history, but two of them attained the [[Roman consul|consulship]], one under [[Domitian]], and the other in the time of [[Antoninus Pius]].

==Origin==
The [[Roman naming conventions#nomen|nomen]] ''Javolenus'' belongs to a class of ''gentilicia'' formed using the suffix '''', typically of [[Umbri]]an and [[Picentes|Picentine]] origin.<ref>Chase, p. 118.</ref> Based on a number of inscriptions from [[Iguvium]] in [[Umbria]], historian Anthony Birley concludes that the various names of Lucius Javolenus Priscus point to this as the likely origin of the family.<ref name="Birley Fasti 213 214"/>

==Praenomina==
The main [[praenomen|praenomina]] of the Javoleni were ''[[Gaius (praenomen)|Gaius]]'', ''[[Lucius (praenomen)|Lucius]]'', and ''[[Marcus (praenomen)|Marcus]]'', the three most common names in all periods of Roman history. The only other praenomen found in inscriptions of this family is ''[[Sextus (praenomen)|Sextus]]''.

==Members==


* [[Gaius Octavius Tidius Tossianus Lucius Javolenus Priscus]], [[legatus|legate]] of the [[Legio III Augusta]] and [[Legio IV Flavia Felix]], and [[Roman consul|consul]] ''suffectus'' in AD 86. He subsequently served as [[Legatus Augusti pro praetore|governor]] of [[Germania Superior]], [[Roman Syria|Syria]], and [[Africa Proconsularis]], but is perhaps best remembered for his legal opinions.<ref>, , , .</ref><ref>, , , .</ref><ref name="Birley Fasti 213 214">Birley, ''The Fasti of Roman Britain'', pp. 213, 214.</ref><ref>Gallivan, "The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", pp. 190, 216.</ref>
* Gaius Javolenus Chrysomalus, named in an inscription from [[Iguvium]] in [[Umbria]], dating to the late first or early second century.<ref>.</ref>
* Lucius Javolenus Phoebus, a freedman, and one of the ''calatores'' of the [[College of Pontiffs|pontifices]] and [[flamen|flamines]] mentioned in inscriptions from Rome, dating to AD 101 and 102. He may be the same Lucius Javolenus Phoebus buried at Rome, with a monument from his wife, Licinia Cynegis.<ref>, [[CIL|6|2185}}, .</ref>
* [[Gaius Javolenus Calvinus|Gaius Javolenus Calvinus Geminius Capito Cornelius Pollio Squilla Quintus Vulcacius Scuppidius Verus]], after serving as [[quaestor]], [[tribune of the plebs]], and [[praetor]], was appointed governor of [[Lusitania]] and [[Hispania Baetica]]. He was consul ''suffectus'' early in the reign of [[Antoninus Pius]].<ref>.</ref><ref>''PIR'', I. 12.</ref><ref>Alföldy, ''Konsulat und Senatorenstand'', pp. 192, 256, 298, 304.</ref>
* Lucius Javolenus Anthimus, buried at Rome during the second or third century, with a monument from his son, Anthus.<ref>.</ref>
* Lucius Javolenus Apulus, named in two second-century inscriptions from Iguvium, apparently recording offerings made to [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]].<ref>, .</ref>
* Javolena Cypris, buried at [[Saepinum]] in [[Samnium]], aged eighteen years, six months, and twelve days, with a second-century monument from Marcus Hostilius.<ref>.</ref>
* Gaius Javolenus Severus, dedicated a second-century monument at [[Verona]] in [[Venetia and Histria]] to his wife, Annia Aquilina, aged thirty-nine years, eleven months, and sixteen days.<ref>.</ref>
* Gaius Javolenus Saturnalis, a standard bearer for the [[Legio II Augusta]], together with the freedman Lucius Manius, made an offering to [[Sulis]] at [[Aquae Sulis]] in [[Roman Britain|Britannia]], recorded in an inscription dating between the late first and the end of the third century.<ref>.</ref>
* Gaius Javolenus Modestus, a [[centurion]] in the [[Legio XIII Gemina]], made an offering to [[Mercury (mythology)|Mercury]] at the present site of [[Varhely]], formerly part of [[Roman Dacia|Dacia]], during the second century, or the first half of the third.<ref>.</ref>
* Javolena Dio[...], dedicated a monument at Rome to her brother, Lucius Mai[...] Chrestus, dating to the latter half of the third century.<ref>Ferrua, ''Antiche Inscrizione Inedite di Roma'', vi. 35.</ref>

===Undated Javoleni===
* Marcus Javolenus, named on a pot found at [[Arretium]] in [[Etruria]].<ref>.</ref>
* Javolena Artemisia, buried at [[Tusculum]] in [[Latium]], with a monument fromher husband, Epictetus.<ref>.</ref>
* Lucius Javolenus Hilarus, buried at Rome, with a monument from his son, Sulpicianus.<ref>.</ref>
* Javolena Marcia, together with her sister and mother, both named Javolena Sosibia, dedicated a monument at Rome to her father, Publius Manlius Fuscus.<ref name="CIL|6|21945">.</ref>
* Javolena Primilla, buried at Rome, aged eighteen years, four months, and twenty days, with a monument dedicated by her husband, Marcus Claudius Julianus.<ref>.</ref>
* Javolena Sabina, a freedwoman buried at Rome, aged twenty-two, with a monument from Lucius Javolenus Restitutus, probably her former master.<ref>.</ref>
* Javolena Sosibia, the mother of Javolena Marcia and Javolena Sosibia, with whom she joined in dedicating a monument at Rome to her husband, Publius Manlius Fuscus.<ref name="CIL|6|21945"/>
* Javolena Sosibia, together with her mother, also named Javolena Sosibia, and sister, Javolena Marcia, dedicated a monument at Rome to her father, Publius Manlius Fuscus.<ref name="CIL|6|21945"/>
* Javolena Thyce, a freedwoman buried at Rome, aged thirty, with a monument from Narcissus, who had been a slave with her.<ref>.</ref>
* Javolenia Sextulla Ufclia, buried in the sepulchre of the Javolenii at [[Thibilis]] in [[Numidia (Roman province)|Numidia]], aged twenty-one.<ref name="CIL 8 18997">.</ref>
* Marcus Javolenius M. f. Victor Asinus Major, buried in the sepulchre of the Javolenii at Thibilis, aged thirteen.<ref name="CIL 8 18997"/>
* Sextus Javolenius Sex. f. Victor Junior, buried in the sepulchre of the Javolenii at Thibilis, aged nineteen.<ref name="CIL 8 18997"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Roman gentes]]

==References==


==Bibliography==
* [[Theodor Mommsen]] ''et alii'', ''[[Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum]]'' (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated ''CIL''), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).
* René Cagnat ''et alii'', ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated ''AE''), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
* [[Paul von Rohden]], [[Elimar Klebs]], & [[Hermann Dessau]], ''[[Prosopographia Imperii Romani]]'' (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated ''PIR''), Berlin (1898).
* Antonio Ferrua, ''Antiche Inscrizione Inedite di Roma'' (Unedited Ancient Inscriptions from Rome), (1939–1980).
* [[Géza Alföldy]], ''Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antonien'' (The Consulate and Senatorial State under the Antonines), Rudolf Habelt, Bonn (1977).
* [[Anthony Birley|Anthony R. Birley]], ''The Fasti of Roman Britain'', Clarendon Press (1981).
* Paul A. Gallivan, "The ''Fasti'' for A.D. 70–96", in ''[[Classical Quarterly]]'', vol. 31, pp. 186–220 (1981).

[[Category:Roman gentes]]

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