JayCoop: Revising
[[File:Hair laws by US state.svg|400px|thumb|]]
In the [[United States]], [[discrimination based on hair texture]] is a form of [[social injustice]] experienced predominantly by [[African Americans]] who have [[afro-textured hair]]. There is no existing federal law that prohibits this form of discrimination. In the 21st century, multiple states and cities passed laws that prohibit such discrimination, [[California]] being the first state to do so in 2019 with the [[CROWN Act (California)|CROWN Act]].
== Legislation ==
While it's considered reasonable that some U.S. states, such as [[South Carolina]], require that African hair braiders hold a license to braid hair, as improper techniques may cause damage to the [[scalp]] and [[hair follicle]], resulting in pain and [[hair loss]], some states have attempted to implement new legislation that placed undue burden on braiders.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref><ref> Casetext|website=casetext.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref> The following year, in 2014, [[Arkansas]] sought to require braiders to undergo 1,500 hours of training, which, as was the case with Texas, was unrelated to hair braiding, in order to become licensed [[cosmetologist]]s; Nivea Earl and Christine McLean brought suit against the state and, in response, the [[List of Governors of Arkansas|Governor of Arkansas]] passed the Natural Hair Braiding Protection Act, to prevent future laws from unfairly targeting professional braiders.<ref name="Institute for Justice"></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> As of 2015, four U.S. states, Texas, Arkansas, [[Colorado]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] had removed regulations in regards to African hair braiding.<ref name="Institute for Justice"/>
On July 3, 2019, California became the first US state to prohibit discrimination over natural hair. Governor Gavin Newsom signed the [[CROWN Act (California)|CROWN Act]] into law, banning employers and schools from discriminating against hairstyles such as afros, braids, twists, and locks.<ref name="CA ban"></ref> New York was the second state to ban such discrimination with an amendment to the [[New York Human Rights Law]].<ref name="NY ban"></ref> In December 2019, New Jersey became the third state to prohibit the form of discrimination with their own similarly named CROWN Act.<ref name="NJ ban"></ref>
In March 2020, Virginia and Colorado both passed their own CROWN Acts to ban discrimination based on hair texture.<ref name="VA ban"></ref><ref name="CO ban"></ref>
== Dress codes ==
Many U.S. schools, both public and private in nature, have [[dress code]]s in place that specifically prohibit students from wearing [[dreadlocks]], [[cornrows]], [[afro]]s, [[box braids]], bantu knots, and other natural hairstyles commonly worn by individuals with [[afro-textured hair]]. While in the instance of public schools prohibiting certain hairstyles, especially those with cultural or religious significance, may violate the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]], private schools generally have the authority to put in place whatever restrictions they please, so long as they do not receive government funding. Outside of schools, there have also been incidents of employers implementing dress codes that require employees with afro-textured hair to either wear their hair very short or chemically straightened in order to retain their position within the company.
== Incidents ==
In 2013, Vanessa Van Dyke, a 12-year-old [[African Americans|African American]] student at [[Faith Christian Academy (Orange County, Florida)|Faith Christian Academy]], a private [[Christian school]] located in [[Orlando, Florida]], complained to school administrators that several of her classmates were [[bullying]] her for having an [[afro]]. In response to her complaint, school administrators urged her to cut or [[Chemically straightened hair|chemically straighten]] her hair and when she refused to do so, she was threatened with [[Expulsion (education)|expulsion]] and told her natural hair violated the school's dress code. Van Dyke's mother, Sabrina Kent, went to the media with the story and, in response to the public backlash, school administrator, Pastor Carl Stevens, withdrew the school's threat of expulsion but still urged Van Dyke to "consider the school's request to cut or straighten her hair. Several years later, in 2017, Van Dyke, then 15-years-old, and her mother discussed the ordeal during an appearance on the U.S. talk show, ''[[The Real (talk show)|The Real]]''.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref>
In 2013, Tiana Parker, a 7-year-old African American student at Deborah Brown Community School in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], was sent home from school for having [[dreadlocks]], with school officials referencing that the official handbook banned the hairstyle. Additionally, the handbook banned afros, another natural hairstyle, and argued at the Parker's dreadlocks, maintained by her father Terrence Parker, a professional [[barber]], did not look "presentable." Parker's father ultimately disenrolled her from Deborah Brown Community School and the elementary school was subject to online backlash.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
In 2017, Maya and Deanna Cook, twin sisters and sophomores at Mystic Valley Regional Charter School in [[Malden, Massachusetts]] were banned from attending [[prom]] and from competing for their school's sports teams for refusing to remove the braids in their hair. Their mother, Colleen Cook, alleged that other biracial and black students had faced disciplinary action for wearing their hair in braided styles.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
Clinton Stanley, Jr., a 6-year-old African American student at A Book's Christian Academy in [[Apopka, Florida]], was forced to disenroll from the school, a private [[Fundamentalist Christian]] school, after school officials told his father, Clinton Stanley, Sr., he'd need to cut his son's hair before he'd be allowed to attend classes.<ref></ref> Sue Book, the school administrator, said that school policy required all male students to have short hair.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
Andrew Johnson, a 16-year-old African American high school [[wrestler]] from [[New Jersey]], was given the ultimatum by a [[referee]] to either cut off his [[dreadlocks]] or forfeit a match. In order to compete, Johnson cut his hair just minutes before the match. As Johnson had previously wrestled without incident with dreadlocks and the officiating referee had a history of using racial slurs, there was public outrage for Johnson and his parents, Rosa and Charles Johnson, have sought legal representation for their son.<ref></ref><ref></ref>
== Litigation ==
In 2010, Chastity Jones, an African American woman with dreadlocks, was offered employment with Catastrophe Management Solutions in [[Mobile, Alabama]] on the condition that she removed or cut her dreadlocks and, in 2013, she, with the help of the [[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]], filed a lawsuit against the company.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Ultimately, courts ruled that company's actions did not constitute racial discrimination and dismissed Jones' case.<ref></ref>
In 2017, Destiny Tompkins, a 19-year-old employee of [[Banana Republic]] at its [[White Plains, New York]] location, was reportedly told by the store manager that she wouldn't be scheduled to work until she removed her waist-length box braids, saying that her braids didn't fit with the brand's image as they were "urban" and "unkempt."<ref></ref> Banana Republic's representatives released a statement that they would not tolerate [[Racial discrimination|discrimination]] within their company and that they'd launched an investigation into Tompkins' claims; the store manager, an unnamed [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] male, was ultimately terminated.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Tompkins left the company and subsequently filed suit against Banana Republic's [[parent company]], [[Gap Inc.]], seeking US$1,000,000 in damages for racial discrimination.<ref></ref><ref></ref>
== References ==
[[Category:Discrimination in the United States]]
[[Category:Human hair]]
[[Category:Workplace]]
In the [[United States]], [[discrimination based on hair texture]] is a form of [[social injustice]] experienced predominantly by [[African Americans]] who have [[afro-textured hair]]. There is no existing federal law that prohibits this form of discrimination. In the 21st century, multiple states and cities passed laws that prohibit such discrimination, [[California]] being the first state to do so in 2019 with the [[CROWN Act (California)|CROWN Act]].
== Legislation ==
While it's considered reasonable that some U.S. states, such as [[South Carolina]], require that African hair braiders hold a license to braid hair, as improper techniques may cause damage to the [[scalp]] and [[hair follicle]], resulting in pain and [[hair loss]], some states have attempted to implement new legislation that placed undue burden on braiders.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref><ref> Casetext|website=casetext.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-29}}</ref> The following year, in 2014, [[Arkansas]] sought to require braiders to undergo 1,500 hours of training, which, as was the case with Texas, was unrelated to hair braiding, in order to become licensed [[cosmetologist]]s; Nivea Earl and Christine McLean brought suit against the state and, in response, the [[List of Governors of Arkansas|Governor of Arkansas]] passed the Natural Hair Braiding Protection Act, to prevent future laws from unfairly targeting professional braiders.<ref name="Institute for Justice"></ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> As of 2015, four U.S. states, Texas, Arkansas, [[Colorado]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] had removed regulations in regards to African hair braiding.<ref name="Institute for Justice"/>
On July 3, 2019, California became the first US state to prohibit discrimination over natural hair. Governor Gavin Newsom signed the [[CROWN Act (California)|CROWN Act]] into law, banning employers and schools from discriminating against hairstyles such as afros, braids, twists, and locks.<ref name="CA ban"></ref> New York was the second state to ban such discrimination with an amendment to the [[New York Human Rights Law]].<ref name="NY ban"></ref> In December 2019, New Jersey became the third state to prohibit the form of discrimination with their own similarly named CROWN Act.<ref name="NJ ban"></ref>
In March 2020, Virginia and Colorado both passed their own CROWN Acts to ban discrimination based on hair texture.<ref name="VA ban"></ref><ref name="CO ban"></ref>
== Dress codes ==
Many U.S. schools, both public and private in nature, have [[dress code]]s in place that specifically prohibit students from wearing [[dreadlocks]], [[cornrows]], [[afro]]s, [[box braids]], bantu knots, and other natural hairstyles commonly worn by individuals with [[afro-textured hair]]. While in the instance of public schools prohibiting certain hairstyles, especially those with cultural or religious significance, may violate the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution]], private schools generally have the authority to put in place whatever restrictions they please, so long as they do not receive government funding. Outside of schools, there have also been incidents of employers implementing dress codes that require employees with afro-textured hair to either wear their hair very short or chemically straightened in order to retain their position within the company.
== Incidents ==
In 2013, Vanessa Van Dyke, a 12-year-old [[African Americans|African American]] student at [[Faith Christian Academy (Orange County, Florida)|Faith Christian Academy]], a private [[Christian school]] located in [[Orlando, Florida]], complained to school administrators that several of her classmates were [[bullying]] her for having an [[afro]]. In response to her complaint, school administrators urged her to cut or [[Chemically straightened hair|chemically straighten]] her hair and when she refused to do so, she was threatened with [[Expulsion (education)|expulsion]] and told her natural hair violated the school's dress code. Van Dyke's mother, Sabrina Kent, went to the media with the story and, in response to the public backlash, school administrator, Pastor Carl Stevens, withdrew the school's threat of expulsion but still urged Van Dyke to "consider the school's request to cut or straighten her hair. Several years later, in 2017, Van Dyke, then 15-years-old, and her mother discussed the ordeal during an appearance on the U.S. talk show, ''[[The Real (talk show)|The Real]]''.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref></ref>
In 2013, Tiana Parker, a 7-year-old African American student at Deborah Brown Community School in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], was sent home from school for having [[dreadlocks]], with school officials referencing that the official handbook banned the hairstyle. Additionally, the handbook banned afros, another natural hairstyle, and argued at the Parker's dreadlocks, maintained by her father Terrence Parker, a professional [[barber]], did not look "presentable." Parker's father ultimately disenrolled her from Deborah Brown Community School and the elementary school was subject to online backlash.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
In 2017, Maya and Deanna Cook, twin sisters and sophomores at Mystic Valley Regional Charter School in [[Malden, Massachusetts]] were banned from attending [[prom]] and from competing for their school's sports teams for refusing to remove the braids in their hair. Their mother, Colleen Cook, alleged that other biracial and black students had faced disciplinary action for wearing their hair in braided styles.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
Clinton Stanley, Jr., a 6-year-old African American student at A Book's Christian Academy in [[Apopka, Florida]], was forced to disenroll from the school, a private [[Fundamentalist Christian]] school, after school officials told his father, Clinton Stanley, Sr., he'd need to cut his son's hair before he'd be allowed to attend classes.<ref></ref> Sue Book, the school administrator, said that school policy required all male students to have short hair.<ref>Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
Andrew Johnson, a 16-year-old African American high school [[wrestler]] from [[New Jersey]], was given the ultimatum by a [[referee]] to either cut off his [[dreadlocks]] or forfeit a match. In order to compete, Johnson cut his hair just minutes before the match. As Johnson had previously wrestled without incident with dreadlocks and the officiating referee had a history of using racial slurs, there was public outrage for Johnson and his parents, Rosa and Charles Johnson, have sought legal representation for their son.<ref></ref><ref></ref>
== Litigation ==
In 2010, Chastity Jones, an African American woman with dreadlocks, was offered employment with Catastrophe Management Solutions in [[Mobile, Alabama]] on the condition that she removed or cut her dreadlocks and, in 2013, she, with the help of the [[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]], filed a lawsuit against the company.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Ultimately, courts ruled that company's actions did not constitute racial discrimination and dismissed Jones' case.<ref></ref>
In 2017, Destiny Tompkins, a 19-year-old employee of [[Banana Republic]] at its [[White Plains, New York]] location, was reportedly told by the store manager that she wouldn't be scheduled to work until she removed her waist-length box braids, saying that her braids didn't fit with the brand's image as they were "urban" and "unkempt."<ref></ref> Banana Republic's representatives released a statement that they would not tolerate [[Racial discrimination|discrimination]] within their company and that they'd launched an investigation into Tompkins' claims; the store manager, an unnamed [[Caucasian race|Caucasian]] male, was ultimately terminated.<ref></ref><ref></ref> Tompkins left the company and subsequently filed suit against Banana Republic's [[parent company]], [[Gap Inc.]], seeking US$1,000,000 in damages for racial discrimination.<ref></ref><ref></ref>
== References ==
[[Category:Discrimination in the United States]]
[[Category:Human hair]]
[[Category:Workplace]]
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