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Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
A '''botánica''' (often written '''botanica''' and less commonly known as a '''hierbería''' or '''botica''') is a religious goods store. The name ''botánica'' is [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and translates as "[[botany]]" or "plant store," referring to these establishments' function as dispensaries of medicinal herbs. Botánicas are common in many [[Hispanic America]]n countries and [[Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)|Latino]] communities around the world. Such establishments sell [[folk medicine]], [[Herbal medicine|herbs]], candles, and statues for [[Saint]]s and popular gods. They also carry oils, [[incense]], perfumes, and books. Such stores have become increasingly popular in the United States as the Latino communities they serve have grown in that country. A botánica is a site of healing and support, and in the words of an owner of a botanica, Maria say they are a 'place of mysteries' due to the metaphysical appreciation of mystery as a synonym for spirit and divinity.<ref name=":0">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=":5">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
[[File:Botanica_Boricua_of_Wheaton_01.jpg|thumb|Botánicas such as this one in [[Wheaton, Illinois]], cater to the [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] community and sell goods and services to address spiritual or physical needs.]]
Most botánicas sell products and services associated with spiritual practices such as [[Candomblé]], [[Curanderismo]], [[Espiritismo]], [[Macumba]] and [[Santería]]. Whether these items are viewed as cultural imports or adaptive responses on the part of [[Immigration|immigrants]] to a new social environment, the majority of these products and services are used by those who seek guidance in their spiritual and social lives. Botánicas provide their patrons with access to power: power from the natural world, the social world, and the world of the spirits. Devotees, in turn, use this power to meet the challenges of ordinary life: problems of health, wealth, and love. People come to the botánica with a host of struggles and problems. And the botánica offers hope from these troubles.<ref name=":1"></ref>
There is extensive research and literature on botánicas as dispensers of health care in the Latino communities of the United States. Underserved by professional health services, many Latinos have found effective care in the herbal treatments and psychological support that botánicas offer.<ref name=":6">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
== History ==
Botánicas extend centuries-old histories of using plants and herbs to treat and [[Herbal medicine|heal illnesses]]. According to scholar Jules Janick, botánicas have their roots in the relationship of the [[Aztec]]s of Mexico and the [[Spaniard]]s. The Aztecs showed the Spaniards their methods to healing, such as which plants had curative properties and how to use them. Soon after, the Spaniards began to keep records of the names of the plants and their uses. These practices continued and evolved as household remedies during and after the Spanish conquest. Generally a person who practiced the art of folk healing became known as a ''[[curandero]]'', with the practice known as ''[[Curanderismo]]''.<ref name=":7">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
The blending of cultures through [[Spanish colonialism]] introduced other influences on the religious and healing practices that later became crystallized in botánicas. During the [[trans-Atlantic slave trade]], the Spanish brought large numbers of Africans to their colonies in North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Many of them brought along their [[African religions|African religious beliefs]]. For instance, [[Vodou]] developed in [[Haiti]] as a blend of [[Roman Catholicism]] and African religions. Similarly, [[Santería]] ("Way of the Saints") developed along similar lines in [[Cuba]]. Santería absorbed a strong influence from Spanish Catholicism. Its rituals include dancing, drumming and speaking with spirits. As practitioners of these religions have immigrated to the U.S. and other countries, botánicas allows customers to have access to materials used in their religious [[ritual]]s.<ref name=":2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
Evidence suggests that the first botánicas were opened in Cuba and Puerto Rico in the late 1950s and early 1960s. These shops were initially “green pharmacies” operated by herbalists. The earliest Mexican and Mexican American botanicas seem to date to the late 1960s and early 1970s. Others argue that the botánica first emerged in the United States, citing New York's [[Spanish Harlem]] as the birthplace. According to this theory, similar shops spread out first across the U.S. and only later back to the Caribbean and Latin American countries from which these practices originated. Over the following decades, people from a wide variety of cultural and ethnic backgrounds have founded and used botánicas for economic and cultural benefit.<ref name=":3">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 2, expected 1)</ref>
[[File:Botanica.jpg|thumb|Botánicas such as this one in [[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts]], cater to the [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] community and sell [[folk medicine]] alongside statues of [[Catholic]] [[saint]]s, [[candle]]s decorated with [[prayer]]s, [[Dracaena sanderiana|lucky bamboo]], and other items.]]
=== Spirits ===
Botánicas are religious shops, a place to buy the material objects that enable people to interact with spirits. The majority of the products offered for sale and the services provided at botánicas are most closely associated with [[Afro-Cubans|Afro-Cuban]] religions (Santería and Palo Mayombe); Latin American Spiritist doctrine ([[Espiritismo]]); localized, [[vernacular]] expressions of Catholic piety ([[folk Catholicism]]); and Latin American folk healing or [[traditional medicine]] (Curanderismo).<ref name=":3" /> In many of these practices, African divinities and spirits are [[Syncretism|syncretized]] with Catholic Saints. Religious rituals often aim to induce [[possession trance]] to enable spirits to interact with mortals through a [[medium]]. Reglas de Kongo or Palo also originated in Cuba; this religion solicits African spirits and spirits of the dead to aid the living. Botánicas are commonly also embedded in Espiritismo. A tradition established by Frenchman [[Allan Kardec]], popular in [[Puerto Rico]], [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], and elsewhere, it focuses on communicating with spirits of dead through [[séance]], writing, possession. Finally, another popular aspect found in botanicas include Latin American manifestations with [[shrine]]s and [[altar]]s to Saints rooted in folk Catholicism.<ref name=":3" />
== Goods and services ==
Botánicas offer a variety of spiritual and religious merchandise and services, including candles, incense, potions, powders, icons, statues and consultations. Other items found in the shops include [[novena candle]]s, oils, incense, books and statues of [[saint]]s. One popular item is a type of glass candle called a ''[[veladora]]'' or ''vela''; each color typically symbolizes a different meaning. For instance, red stands for love, green symbolizes prosperity, white guards children, yellow protects adults, and orange resolves family conflicts.<ref name=":4">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Scholar Michael Owen Jones found that in Los Angeles botánicas, shopkeepers reported that most patrons were interested in love-related items first (attracting and maintaining relationships), then luck, and then protection from enemies and seeking justice.<ref name=":4" />
The term ''botánica'' refers to botanicals or herbs. This name acknowledges the fact that many of the goods sold in such stores are intended for use in rituals that involve special herbs, which are sometimes used as medicines. Besides being a place to merely obtain goods, botánicas serve as unique sites for the performance of religious culture. Alternative medical treatments found in botánicas are used to treat such varied conditions as [[arthritis]], [[asthma]], [[hair loss]], [[Menstruation|menstrual]] [[pain]], and [[diabetes]]. There are also products that are designed to attract love, bring good luck and financial prosperity, deflect jealousy and so on.<ref name=":7" />
[[File:Colores_y_olores_de_la_Santeria.jpg|thumb|Colors and smells of Santeria: colorful assortment of items sold in a botánica.]]
=== Services ===
In addition to selling goods, botánicas often offer religious and medical services. Services include [[divination]], individual and family counseling, wellness recommendations, [[spiritual cleansing]], and more. In 2005, such services usually cost between $15 and $25, with a typical session lasting about 20 minutes. Before a service is determined and performed, the healer holds a consultation. This service helps identify the root of the client's problem, whether it is due to supernatural, physical, or emotional causes, and thereby helps identify the best treatment.<ref name=":1" />
Spiritual cleansing may be as simple as rubbing flowers on the person's body, or as elaborate as using candles, incense, and [[animal sacrifice]] along with prayer. In addition to treating clients with rituals of transference, practitioners often assist them with limpias aimed at getting rid of negative energy. The type of cleansing performed depends on the healer's religious orientation as well as on the client's particular needs. Limpias is the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word for clean, referring to the ritual cleansing aimed at getting rid of negative energy. More complex ones requiring the burning of copal incense, the use of perfumed water, oils, candles, and eggs, and extensive prayers. Simple limpias may be offered at no cost but also around 2005 and 2006, limpias could be charged for $40 to $50.<ref name=":3" />
Botánicas also provide services to help with more specific interpersonal, legal, financial, and metaphysical matters that include achieving domestic tranquility, solving immigration problems, avoiding or resolving legal issues, attracting or repelling a suitor, obtaining or keeping a job, securing good luck, attaining protection from envy and evil spirits, and removing or reversing spells.<ref name=":4" />
Botánicas are often a first line of healthcare for many Latino families, with hospitals being a last resort. That is, researchers have found that Latin American immigrants in the United States often distrust the hospital medical system. Thus, in opposition to it, they continue to use their own culturally appropriate health care practices. In Curanderismo, Santería, and Espiritismo, the practitioners assess the patient and, depending on [[diagnosis]], prepares a healing remedy or a variety of healing remedies. This may contain any combination of medicinal herbs, religious amulets, and/or other products used for the prevention, treatment, or palliation of folk and somatic illnesses. Ultimately, botánicas serve as a bridge in efforts to develop community health care programs that link families with conventional medical practitioners who lack their native familiarity.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />
== Community role ==
Botánicas are crucial to the communities they serve because they provide healing, hope, meaning, and support. The support they provide is a continuation of many homeland traditions for people living in conditions of [[diaspora]], [[immigration]], and [[exile]]. Botánicas provide a place for people to congregate, socialize, and discuss political and other issues that affect immigrant communities without fear of censure or reprisal. Some botánicas sponsor festivals, parties, or religious ceremonies attended by families from the immediate communities but also from other cities. As sites of healing and communal support, botanicas operate not only as settings for spiritual contemplation but also as information bases. These spots are commonly meeting place for immigrants from [[Central America]], [[South America]] and the [[Caribbean]]. Botánicas are popular in heavily populated urban and Latino communities like [[Miami]], [[New York]], and [[Los Angeles]]. Botánicas in LA bring Africa, Latin America, and the U.S. together through their services and goods. At the botánica, people can find strength in this affirmation of identity, both in the preservation of creative, sustaining traditions from home countries as well as in building a new space in a new world.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
== Notes and references ==
<references />
== Bibliography ==
Jones. (2020). Herbs and Saints in the City of Angels: Researching Botánicas, Healing, and Power in Southern California. The Journal of American Folklore, 133(527), 53. doi: 10.5406/jamerfolk.133.527.0053
Murphy, J. M. (2015). Botánicas: sacred spaces of healing and devotion in urban America. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
Polk, P. A., ed. (2005). Botánica Los Angeles: Latino popular religious art in the city of angels. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
Robert T. Trotter II/Trotter II, Robert T., Juan Antonio Chavira/Chavira, Juan Antonio. ''Curanderismo: Mexican American Folk Healing.'' [[University of Georgia Press]], Second Edition, October 1997.
Rose-Rodriguez, L., (2007) ''Botanicas in Connecticut: Implications for Allopathic Practitioners.'' Unpublished master's thesis. [[University of Connecticut]].
Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
A '''botánica''' (often written '''botanica''' and less commonly known as a '''hierbería''' or '''botica''') is a religious goods store. The name ''botánica'' is [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and translates as "[[botany]]" or "plant store," referring to these establishments' function as dispensaries of medicinal herbs. Botánicas are common in many [[Hispanic America]]n countries and [[Hispanic and Latino (ethnic categories)|Latino]] communities around the world. Such establishments sell [[folk medicine]], [[Herbal medicine|herbs]], candles, and statues for [[Saint]]s and popular gods. They also carry oils, [[incense]], perfumes, and books. Such stores have become increasingly popular in the United States as the Latino communities they serve have grown in that country. A botánica is a site of healing and support, and in the words of an owner of a botanica, Maria say they are a 'place of mysteries' due to the metaphysical appreciation of mystery as a synonym for spirit and divinity.<ref name=":0">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref name=":5">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
[[File:Botanica_Boricua_of_Wheaton_01.jpg|thumb|Botánicas such as this one in [[Wheaton, Illinois]], cater to the [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] community and sell goods and services to address spiritual or physical needs.]]
Most botánicas sell products and services associated with spiritual practices such as [[Candomblé]], [[Curanderismo]], [[Espiritismo]], [[Macumba]] and [[Santería]]. Whether these items are viewed as cultural imports or adaptive responses on the part of [[Immigration|immigrants]] to a new social environment, the majority of these products and services are used by those who seek guidance in their spiritual and social lives. Botánicas provide their patrons with access to power: power from the natural world, the social world, and the world of the spirits. Devotees, in turn, use this power to meet the challenges of ordinary life: problems of health, wealth, and love. People come to the botánica with a host of struggles and problems. And the botánica offers hope from these troubles.<ref name=":1"></ref>
There is extensive research and literature on botánicas as dispensers of health care in the Latino communities of the United States. Underserved by professional health services, many Latinos have found effective care in the herbal treatments and psychological support that botánicas offer.<ref name=":6">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
== History ==
Botánicas extend centuries-old histories of using plants and herbs to treat and [[Herbal medicine|heal illnesses]]. According to scholar Jules Janick, botánicas have their roots in the relationship of the [[Aztec]]s of Mexico and the [[Spaniard]]s. The Aztecs showed the Spaniards their methods to healing, such as which plants had curative properties and how to use them. Soon after, the Spaniards began to keep records of the names of the plants and their uses. These practices continued and evolved as household remedies during and after the Spanish conquest. Generally a person who practiced the art of folk healing became known as a ''[[curandero]]'', with the practice known as ''[[Curanderismo]]''.<ref name=":7">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
The blending of cultures through [[Spanish colonialism]] introduced other influences on the religious and healing practices that later became crystallized in botánicas. During the [[trans-Atlantic slave trade]], the Spanish brought large numbers of Africans to their colonies in North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Many of them brought along their [[African religions|African religious beliefs]]. For instance, [[Vodou]] developed in [[Haiti]] as a blend of [[Roman Catholicism]] and African religions. Similarly, [[Santería]] ("Way of the Saints") developed along similar lines in [[Cuba]]. Santería absorbed a strong influence from Spanish Catholicism. Its rituals include dancing, drumming and speaking with spirits. As practitioners of these religions have immigrated to the U.S. and other countries, botánicas allows customers to have access to materials used in their religious [[ritual]]s.<ref name=":2">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref>
Evidence suggests that the first botánicas were opened in Cuba and Puerto Rico in the late 1950s and early 1960s. These shops were initially “green pharmacies” operated by herbalists. The earliest Mexican and Mexican American botanicas seem to date to the late 1960s and early 1970s. Others argue that the botánica first emerged in the United States, citing New York's [[Spanish Harlem]] as the birthplace. According to this theory, similar shops spread out first across the U.S. and only later back to the Caribbean and Latin American countries from which these practices originated. Over the following decades, people from a wide variety of cultural and ethnic backgrounds have founded and used botánicas for economic and cultural benefit.<ref name=":3">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 2, expected 1)</ref>
[[File:Botanica.jpg|thumb|Botánicas such as this one in [[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts]], cater to the [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Latino]] community and sell [[folk medicine]] alongside statues of [[Catholic]] [[saint]]s, [[candle]]s decorated with [[prayer]]s, [[Dracaena sanderiana|lucky bamboo]], and other items.]]
=== Spirits ===
Botánicas are religious shops, a place to buy the material objects that enable people to interact with spirits. The majority of the products offered for sale and the services provided at botánicas are most closely associated with [[Afro-Cubans|Afro-Cuban]] religions (Santería and Palo Mayombe); Latin American Spiritist doctrine ([[Espiritismo]]); localized, [[vernacular]] expressions of Catholic piety ([[folk Catholicism]]); and Latin American folk healing or [[traditional medicine]] (Curanderismo).<ref name=":3" /> In many of these practices, African divinities and spirits are [[Syncretism|syncretized]] with Catholic Saints. Religious rituals often aim to induce [[possession trance]] to enable spirits to interact with mortals through a [[medium]]. Reglas de Kongo or Palo also originated in Cuba; this religion solicits African spirits and spirits of the dead to aid the living. Botánicas are commonly also embedded in Espiritismo. A tradition established by Frenchman [[Allan Kardec]], popular in [[Puerto Rico]], [[Cuba]], [[Dominican Republic]], and elsewhere, it focuses on communicating with spirits of dead through [[séance]], writing, possession. Finally, another popular aspect found in botanicas include Latin American manifestations with [[shrine]]s and [[altar]]s to Saints rooted in folk Catholicism.<ref name=":3" />
== Goods and services ==
Botánicas offer a variety of spiritual and religious merchandise and services, including candles, incense, potions, powders, icons, statues and consultations. Other items found in the shops include [[novena candle]]s, oils, incense, books and statues of [[saint]]s. One popular item is a type of glass candle called a ''[[veladora]]'' or ''vela''; each color typically symbolizes a different meaning. For instance, red stands for love, green symbolizes prosperity, white guards children, yellow protects adults, and orange resolves family conflicts.<ref name=":4">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref> Scholar Michael Owen Jones found that in Los Angeles botánicas, shopkeepers reported that most patrons were interested in love-related items first (attracting and maintaining relationships), then luck, and then protection from enemies and seeking justice.<ref name=":4" />
The term ''botánica'' refers to botanicals or herbs. This name acknowledges the fact that many of the goods sold in such stores are intended for use in rituals that involve special herbs, which are sometimes used as medicines. Besides being a place to merely obtain goods, botánicas serve as unique sites for the performance of religious culture. Alternative medical treatments found in botánicas are used to treat such varied conditions as [[arthritis]], [[asthma]], [[hair loss]], [[Menstruation|menstrual]] [[pain]], and [[diabetes]]. There are also products that are designed to attract love, bring good luck and financial prosperity, deflect jealousy and so on.<ref name=":7" />
[[File:Colores_y_olores_de_la_Santeria.jpg|thumb|Colors and smells of Santeria: colorful assortment of items sold in a botánica.]]
=== Services ===
In addition to selling goods, botánicas often offer religious and medical services. Services include [[divination]], individual and family counseling, wellness recommendations, [[spiritual cleansing]], and more. In 2005, such services usually cost between $15 and $25, with a typical session lasting about 20 minutes. Before a service is determined and performed, the healer holds a consultation. This service helps identify the root of the client's problem, whether it is due to supernatural, physical, or emotional causes, and thereby helps identify the best treatment.<ref name=":1" />
Spiritual cleansing may be as simple as rubbing flowers on the person's body, or as elaborate as using candles, incense, and [[animal sacrifice]] along with prayer. In addition to treating clients with rituals of transference, practitioners often assist them with limpias aimed at getting rid of negative energy. The type of cleansing performed depends on the healer's religious orientation as well as on the client's particular needs. Limpias is the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word for clean, referring to the ritual cleansing aimed at getting rid of negative energy. More complex ones requiring the burning of copal incense, the use of perfumed water, oils, candles, and eggs, and extensive prayers. Simple limpias may be offered at no cost but also around 2005 and 2006, limpias could be charged for $40 to $50.<ref name=":3" />
Botánicas also provide services to help with more specific interpersonal, legal, financial, and metaphysical matters that include achieving domestic tranquility, solving immigration problems, avoiding or resolving legal issues, attracting or repelling a suitor, obtaining or keeping a job, securing good luck, attaining protection from envy and evil spirits, and removing or reversing spells.<ref name=":4" />
Botánicas are often a first line of healthcare for many Latino families, with hospitals being a last resort. That is, researchers have found that Latin American immigrants in the United States often distrust the hospital medical system. Thus, in opposition to it, they continue to use their own culturally appropriate health care practices. In Curanderismo, Santería, and Espiritismo, the practitioners assess the patient and, depending on [[diagnosis]], prepares a healing remedy or a variety of healing remedies. This may contain any combination of medicinal herbs, religious amulets, and/or other products used for the prevention, treatment, or palliation of folk and somatic illnesses. Ultimately, botánicas serve as a bridge in efforts to develop community health care programs that link families with conventional medical practitioners who lack their native familiarity.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" />
== Community role ==
Botánicas are crucial to the communities they serve because they provide healing, hope, meaning, and support. The support they provide is a continuation of many homeland traditions for people living in conditions of [[diaspora]], [[immigration]], and [[exile]]. Botánicas provide a place for people to congregate, socialize, and discuss political and other issues that affect immigrant communities without fear of censure or reprisal. Some botánicas sponsor festivals, parties, or religious ceremonies attended by families from the immediate communities but also from other cities. As sites of healing and communal support, botanicas operate not only as settings for spiritual contemplation but also as information bases. These spots are commonly meeting place for immigrants from [[Central America]], [[South America]] and the [[Caribbean]]. Botánicas are popular in heavily populated urban and Latino communities like [[Miami]], [[New York]], and [[Los Angeles]]. Botánicas in LA bring Africa, Latin America, and the U.S. together through their services and goods. At the botánica, people can find strength in this affirmation of identity, both in the preservation of creative, sustaining traditions from home countries as well as in building a new space in a new world.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
== Notes and references ==
<references />
== Bibliography ==
Jones. (2020). Herbs and Saints in the City of Angels: Researching Botánicas, Healing, and Power in Southern California. The Journal of American Folklore, 133(527), 53. doi: 10.5406/jamerfolk.133.527.0053
Murphy, J. M. (2015). Botánicas: sacred spaces of healing and devotion in urban America. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
Polk, P. A., ed. (2005). Botánica Los Angeles: Latino popular religious art in the city of angels. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
Robert T. Trotter II/Trotter II, Robert T., Juan Antonio Chavira/Chavira, Juan Antonio. ''Curanderismo: Mexican American Folk Healing.'' [[University of Georgia Press]], Second Edition, October 1997.
Rose-Rodriguez, L., (2007) ''Botanicas in Connecticut: Implications for Allopathic Practitioners.'' Unpublished master's thesis. [[University of Connecticut]].
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