JohnThorne: /* Joyous dedication (12:27–43) */ fix typos
'''Nehemiah 12''' is the twelfth chapter of the [[Book of Nehemiah]] in the [[Old Testament]] of the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Bible]], or the 22nd chapter of the book of [[Ezra-Nehemiah]] in the [[Hebrew Bible]], which treats the [[book of Ezra]] and book of Nehemiah as one book. Jewish tradition states that [[Ezra]] is the author of Ezra-Nehemiah as well as the [[Book of Chronicles]],<ref>[[Babylonian Talmud]] ''Baba Bathra'' 15a, ''apud'' Fensham 1982, p. 2</ref> but modern scholars generally accept that a compiler from 5th century BCE (so-called "[[the Chronicler]]") is the final author of these books. The chapter describes the dedication of Jerusalem’s wall, which was the main concern since the beginning of the book.
==Text==
The original text of this chapter is in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew language]]. [[Chapters and verses of the Bible|This chapter is divided into]] 47 verses.
===Textual witnesses===
Some early manuscripts containing the text of this chapter in [[Biblical Hebrew|Hebrew]] are of the [[Masoretic Text]], which includes [[Leningrad Codex|Codex Leningradensis]] (1008).</ref>}}
There is also a translation into [[Koine Greek]] known as the [[Septuagint]], made in the last few centuries BC. Extant ancient manuscripts of the [[Septuagint]] version include [[Codex Vaticanus]] ('''B'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>B</sup>; 4th century), [[Codex Sinaiticus]] ('''S'''; [[Biblia Hebraica (Kittel)|BHK]]: <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>S</sup>; 4th century), and [[Codex Alexandrinus]] ('''A'''; <math> \mathfrak{G}</math><sup>A</sup>; 5th century).
==Priests and Levites (12:1–26)==
This part records the several lists of priests and Levites to document the genuineness of the Jewish community and its religious authority, in order to give legitimacy in this postexilic community. The list starts with those returning with Zerubbabel in the first wave at the time of the Persian king, Cyrus (verses 1–9), which quite different from [[Ezra 2]]. After listing the high priests from the last one at the time of exile, Jozadak, the father of Jeshua, until Jaddua (verses 10–11), it records those returning at the time of Ezra (verses 12–21), with a careful note on its sources (verses 22–23)
===Verse 1===
:''Now these are the priests and the Levites that went up with Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua:''
::''Seraiah, Jeremiah, Ezra,''<ref> [[King James Version|KJV]]</ref>
*"[[Zerubbabel]]": is the leader of the group and of Davidic line (), so he is associated with the messianic hope in the [[book of Zechariah]], although none of it is mentioned in this book. His office is not named in this book, but he is identified as the "governor of Judah" in [[Haggai 1:1]], ; .
*"[[Jeshua the High Priest|Jeshua]]": or "Joshua".<ref>Notes [a] on Ezra 3:2 in [[New King James Version|NKJV]]</ref> His office is not named in this book, but he is identified as the "[[High Priest of Israel|high priest]]" in [[Haggai 1:1]], , ; ; .
==Joyous dedication (12:27–43)==
This section describes the joyous dedication of the completed work orchestrated by Nehemiah, in the frame of a symmetrically ordered structure as follows:
: A Preparations for joyous dedication (verses 27–30)
:: B Two companies appointed (verse 31a)
::: C One goes to the right upon the wall (verses 31b, 37)
::: C’ One goes to the left upon the wall (verses 38–39)
:: B’ Two companies meet and stand at the house of God (verse 40)
: A’ Performance of joyous dedication (verse 43)
The exuberant tone of this passage is indicated by the framework of "joy" which brackets this section (verse 27, five times in verse 43), as the final exposition after previous use in some turning points in the narrative:
* Ezra 3:12–13: the laying of the foundations
* Ezra 6:16: the dedication of the temple
* Nehemiah 8:12: the people’s initial response to Ezra’s reading of the law
Two lists of participants are recorded in verses 32–36 and 41–42, and also display a remarkable symmetry:
*First Company, processing to the right (verses 32–36):
:A Hoshaiah and half of the princes of Judah (verse 32)
::B Seven priests with trumpets (verses 33–35a)
:::C Zechariah and eight Levitical instrumentalists (verses 35b–36a)
::::X Ezra, the scribe (verse 36b)
*Second Company, processing to the left (verses 38–42)
:A Nehemiah and half of people/officials (verses 38–40)
::B Seven priests with trumpets (verse 41)
:::C Jezrahaiah and eight Levitical singers (verse 42)
===Verse 36===
:''And his brethren, Shemaiah, and Azarael, Milalai, Gilalai, Maai, Nethaneel, and Judah, Hanani, with the musical instruments of David the man of God, and Ezra the scribe before them.''<ref> KJV</ref>
*"Of David": or "prescribed by David" (NIV, NLT); TEV "of the kind played by David," but ‘the precise relationship of these musical instruments to David is not clear’.<ref>Note [a] on Nehemiah 12:36 in [[New English Translation|NET Bible]]</ref>
The appearance of "Ezra, the scribe" (verse 36b) provides the primary evidence for the contemporaneity of Ezra and Nehemiah.
==The organization of worship (12:44–47)==
The last part of this chapter focuses on the priests and Levites who help people worship God in the Temple, as their needs were taken care by the same people. David was mentioned twice, indicating that the people were emulating the traditions established since the time ‘God directed David to establish the Temple’. Verse 47 also confirms that the pattern of bringing food for Temple workers was already observed from the time of Zerubbabel when the Temple was rebuilt, and consistently practiced until the time of Nehemiah. This explains the anger of Nehemiah a few years later when he heard the people stopped providing the needs of th Temple workers (Nehemiah 13:10–13).
===Verse 44===
:''And at that time were some appointed over the chambers for the treasures, for the offerings, for the firstfruits, and for the tithes, to gather into them out of the fields of the cities the portions of the law for the priests and Levites: for Judah rejoiced for the priests and for the Levites that waited.''<ref> KJV</ref>
*"Out of the fields": The translation reads (''missede'', "from the fields") rather than the [[Masoretic Text|MT]] reading (''lisde'', "to the fields").<ref>Note [a] on Nehemiah 12:44 in NET Bible</ref>
*"For Judah": here in the sense of "the people of Judah", as "Judah" can be ‘a proper name as well as a place name’.<ref>Note [b] on Nehemiah 12:44 in NET Bible</ref>
*"Waited": Hebrew: "stood", NKJV: "ministered";<ref>Note [a] on Nehemiah 12:44 in [[New King James Version|NKJV]]</ref> or "standing", NET Bible: "were ministering".<ref>Note [c] on Nehemiah 12:44 in NET Bible</ref>
==See also==
*[[Jerusalem]]
*[[High Priest of Israel]]
*Related [[Bible]] parts: [[Ezra 2]], [[Nehemiah 7]]
==Notes==
==References==
==Sources==
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*Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
*Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
*Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)
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*[https://ift.tt/2C5GNqh Throntveit, Mark A. (1992) "Ezra-Nehemiah". John Knox Press]
*
==Further reading==
*[https://ift.tt/34wpfjf Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary" (Eerdmans, 1988)]
*[https://ift.tt/2qh1Kfe Blenkinsopp, Joseph, "Judaism, the first phase" (Eerdmans, 2009)]
*[https://ift.tt/2pF3Jd5 Coggins, R.J., "The Books of Ezra and Nehemiah" (Cambridge University Press, 1976)]
*[https://ift.tt/2WG7c7e Ecker, Ronald L., "Ezra and Nehemiah"], Ecker's Biblical Web Pages, 2007.
*[https://ift.tt/2NAvlIt Fensham, F. Charles, "The books of Ezra and Nehemiah" (Eerdmans, 1982)]
*[https://ift.tt/33ercR8 Grabbe, L.L., "Ezra-Nehemiah" (Routledge, 1998)]
*[https://ift.tt/2NHjUi2 Grabbe, L.L., "A history of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period, Volume 1" (T&T Clark, 2004)]
==External links==
* [[Judaism|Jewish]] translations:
** [https://ift.tt/2qreuAn Nechemiah - Nehemiah - Chapter 12 (Judaica Press)] translation [with [[Rashi]]'s commentary] at Chabad.org
* [[Christianity|Christian]] translations:
** [https://ift.tt/2RvtYhA ''Online Bible'' at GospelHall.org] (ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
** [https://ift.tt/2Yq2Q5o Book of Nehemiah Chapter 12. Bible Gateway]
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[[Category:Book of Nehemiah chapters|12]]
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