Periodization of Ancient Egypt

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The '''Periodization of Ancient Egypt''' is the use of [[periodization]] to organize the 3,000 year history of [[Ancient Egypt]]. The system of 30 dynasties recorded by third-century BC Greek-speaking Egyptian priest [[Manetho]] is still in use today (see modern usage at [[List of ancient Egyptian dynasties]]);<ref>Clayton (1994) p. 6</ref> however the system of "periods" and "kingdoms" used to group the dynasties is of modern origin (19th and 20th centuries CE). The modern system is comprised of three "[[golden age]]s" (Old, Middle and New Kingdoms), interspersed between "intermediate periods" (often considered times of crisis or dark ages) and early and late periods.

==Old, Middle and New Kingdoms==
===Bunsen===
In his 1844-57 ''Ägyptens Stelle in der Weltgeschichte'', [[Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen]] became the first Egyptologist to propose what became the modern "tri-partite division" for Egypt’s history:
* Altes Reich ("Old Empire") = Menes until the beginning of dynasty 13,
* Mittleres Reich ("Middle Empire") = Hyksos until dynasty 17
* Neues Reich ("New Empire") = from the 18th dynasty onward

Compared to the modern arrangement, Bunsen's Old Empire included what is today known as the Middle Kingdom, whereas Bunsen’s Middle Empire is today known as the Second Intermediate Period.

===Lepsius===
Bunsen's student [[Karl Richard Lepsius]] primarily used a bipartite system in his 1849-58 ''Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien'':
* Altes Reich = dynasties 1-16
* Neues Reich“ = dynasties 17-31

===Other scholars===
[[Auguste Mariette]]'s 1867 ''Aperçu de l'histoire ancienne d'Égypte'':
*Old Kingdom = Dynasties 1-10
*Middle Kingdom = Dynasties 11-17
*New Kingdom = Dynasties 18-30

[[Alfred Wiedemann]]'s ''Ägyptische Geschichte'':
*Prehistory = Dynasties 1-11
*Middle Kingdom = Dynasties 12-19
*New Kingdom = Dynasties 20-31

[[Henri Gauthier]]'s 1907–1917 ''Le Livre des Rois d'Egypte'':
*Ancien Empire = Dynasties 1-10
*Moyen Empire = Dynasties 11-17
*Nouvel Empire = Dynasties 17-25
*Epoque saïto-persane = Dynasties 26-31

==Intermediate periods==
===First intermediate period===
19th century Egyptology did not use the concept of "intermediate periods"; these were included as part of the preceding periods "as times of interval or transition.

In 1926, after the [[First World War]], [[Georg Steindorff]]'s ''Die Blütezeit des Pharaonenreiches'' and [[Henri Frankfort]]'s ''Egypt and Syria in the First Intermediate Period'' assigned dynasties 6-12 to the terminology "First Intermediate Period". The terminology had become well established by the 1940s.

===Second intermediate period===
In 1942, during the [[Second World War]], German Egyptologist [[:de: Hanns Stock | Hanns Stock]]'s ''Studien zur Geschichte und Archäologie der 13. bis 17. Dynastie'' fostered use of the term "Second Intermediate Period".

===Third intermediate period===
In 1978, British Egyptologist [[Kenneth Kitchen]]'s book ''The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1100–650 BC)'' coined the term "Third Intermediate Period".

==Notes==


==Bibliography==
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[[Category:Periodization]]

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