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In Canada, First Nations communities have been under long-term '''Drinking Water Advisories''' (DWA)s for decades.
Since 2016, more-than-$3.5 billion was allocated for water and wastewater infrastructure, which included funding for "more than 600 water and wastewater projects." Infrastructure has been repaired, expanded, or replaced, training has been strengthened across the country, and additional funding for operations and maintenance is being allocated to communities. <ref name="GC_ISC_20201217"></ref>
On December 2, 2012 Minister Miller announced additional investments of over $1.5 billion to "ensure clean drinking water in First Nations communities."<ref name="GCNWS_20201202"></ref>
The total number of drinking water advisories had decreased by 55% from 2015 to 2020—from a baseline number of 105 in November 2015 to 58 in 35 communities by September 2020.<ref name="GCNWS_20201202"/> Of these 58 advisories, 3% are being reviewed in a feasibility study, 10% are in design phase, 53% are under construction, and 33% cases the lifting of the advisory is pending.<ref name="IDC"></ref>
==Overview==
A long-terms drinking water advisory refers to advisories that have been in place for over a year. These advisories occur "when a water system is not functioning well—"because of equipment malfunction and/or operational issues which prevent the system from treating water to the required quality".<ref name="GCNWS_20201202"/>
DWAs are put in place if a water line breaks, if there is equipment failure, or if there is "poor filtration or disinfection when water is treated."<ref name="ISC_DWAs"></ref> A DWA may be issued if the community does not have "someone trained to run the water system", or "someone trained to test and ensure the quality of the drinking water."<ref name="ISC_DWAs"/> There are three types of advisories—boil water, do not consume, and do not use.<ref name="ISC_DWAs"/>
==History==
By November 2015, there were 105 DWs in First Nations communities.<ref name="GCNWS_20201202"/>
Since 2016, more-than-$3.5 billion was allocated for water and wastewater infrastructure, which included funding for "more than 600 water and wastewater projects." Infrastructure has been repaired, expanded, or replaced, training has been strengthened across the country, and additional funding for operations and maintenance is being allocated to communities. <ref name="GC_ISC_20201217"></ref>
On December 2, 2012 Minister Miller announced additional investments of over $1.5 billion to "ensure clean drinking water in First Nations communities."<ref name="GCNWS_20201202"></ref>
The total number of drinking water advisories had decreased by 55% from 2015 to 2020. By September 2020, there were 58 DWAs in 35 communities.<ref name="GCNWS_20201202"/> Of these 58 advisories, 3% are being reviewed in a feasibility study, 10% are in design phase, 53% are under construction, and 33% cases the lifting of the advisory is pending.<ref name="IDC"></ref>
==DWAs in Ontario==
Ontario has the highest number of DWAs in Canada. By November 2016, the province of Ontario had "81 DWAs in 44 First Nations, with 68 of those classified as long-term". <ref name="DSF_201702">Liquid error: wrong number of arguments (given 1, expected 2)</ref><ref group="Notes">According to the [https://ift.tt/2BO2yZU 2017 report, Glass Half Empty"], "[u]nder the constitutional division of powers, services in First Nations are an area of federal responsibility. Under the Constitution, First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples are recognized as “Aboriginal peoples” with distinct rights. The term Aboriginal is equivalent to the term Indigenous, which is used to define a set of unique state obligations in international law."</ref>
Of the 55 communities that were under a DWA as of March 1, 2021, the majority are in the province of Ontario.<ref name="G&M_Kirkup_20210301"></ref> where there are DWAs issued in [[Sandy Lake First Nation]], [[Muskrat Dam Lake First Nation]], [[Northwest Angle 33 First Nation]], [[Gull Bay First Nation]] ''Kiashke Zaaging Anishinaabek'', [[Shoal Lake 40 First Nation]], [[Neskantaga First Nation|Nibinamik Neskantaga First Nation]], [[Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum]], [[Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte First Nation]], [[Wabaseemoong]], [[Mishkeegogamang First Nation]], [[Sachigo Lake First Nation]], [[Anishinabe of Wauzhushk Onigum|Washagamis Bay]], [[Eabametoong First Nation|Eabametoong Oneida of the Thames First Nation]], [[Bearskin Lake First Nation]], [[Saugeen First Nation]], [[North Spirit Lake First Nation]], [[Mississaugas of Scugog Island First Nation]], [[Deer Lake First Nation]], [[Chippewas of Nawash First Nation]], [[Anishnaabeg of Naongashiing]], [[Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation]], [[Wawakapewin First Nation]], and [[Marten Falls First Nation]].
===Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte First Nation===
The [[Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte First Nation]] have been under a Drinking Water Advisory since 2008, "due to fecal, bacterial and algae contaminations". During a drought in the area, many of the groundwater wells—upon which they had depended—went completely dry.
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Canada]], supply chains from manufacturers were disrupted, resulting in an increase in the water main project from about $8.1 million to $18.2 million. In December 2020, the federal government had announced new funding of $16.7 million to "cover the cost of extending the water mains" from the township of Deseronto and the MBQ's own water-treatment plants which will then be able to serve five areas in the Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory.<ref name="nationalobserver_Alhmidi_20200107"></ref><ref></ref>
This funding supports the final phase in the "multi-phase project to improve access to safe drinking water for the MDQ community. The federal government and the First Nation invested a combined total of $18.2 million towards the project, which will "ultimately lift five long-term drinking water advisories in the community".<ref name="GC_ISC_20201217"></ref> This final phase has been contracted out to Gordon Barr Limited, who began construction work in December 2020. The new water mains will link the MDQ's and Deseronto's water treatment plant, thereby connecting "86 existing homes and several of the community's semi-public buildings".<ref name="GC_ISC_20201217"/>
By 2021, there were about 2,200 people living on the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte reserve with another 3,000 Mohawks living nearby.<ref name="nationalobserver_Alhmidi_20200107"/> Of these, there are about 90 families "on a waiting list for affordable housing".<ref name="nationalobserver_Alhmidi_20200107"/>
==DWAs in British Columbia==
According to the [[First Nations Health Authority]], in British Columbia, there are DWAs in 18 First Nations in 18 Water Systems—ten "Boil Water Advisories" and eight "Do Not Consume" advisories, as of January 31, 2021.<ref name="FNHA_20210121"> </ref> This list "includes water systems with 5 or more connections (CWS) and smaller water systems that have public facilities (PWS)." Affected communities include the [[Semiahmoo First Nation]], [[Xeni Gwet'in First Nation]], with from 26 to 50 people affected, and [[Wetʼsuwetʼen First Nation]], where some 51 to a 100 are affected.
==DWAs in Manitoba==
In Manitoba, the [[Tataskweyak Cree Nation]], [[Shamattawa First Nation]], and [[Sapotaweyak Cree Nation|Sapotaweyak Wahta]] are under a DWA.
==DWAs in Saskatchewan==
In Saskatchewan, DWAs have been issued in [[White Bear First Nation]], [[Little Saskatchewan First Nation]], [[Ministikwan Lake Cree Nation]], [[Peepeekisis Cree Nation]], [[Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation]], [[Little Pine First Nation]], and [[Star Blanket Cree Nation]].<ref name="G&M_Kirkup_20210301"/>
==Notes==
== References ==
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in Canada]]
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